“分”视域下荀子与竹简《穷达以时》天命观之比较

A Comparison of the View of Destiny and Heaven between Xunzi and Qiong Da Yi Shi in Bamboo Slips from the Perspective of“Fen”

荀子的“天人之分”与《穷达以时》中的天命观有所不同。《穷达以时》中的“天”是一种命运天,“天人之分”讨论的是“天命”与“人事”的关系,认为世间的“时遇”等是人所不能掌握的,只能看作是“命”或“天”,有些事情如德行等能否实现则完全取决于人,与“天”无关。而且荀子的“天”是自然之天,其“天人之分”的归旨在于,人应该知其所为,知其所不为,通过后天礼乐教化而改造人性,故“制天命而用之”。在某种意义上,荀子继承了《穷达以时》“德行一也”的“君子惇于反己”的修德进路,并进而向外和向内展开为修礼与积德。在竹简《穷达以时》和荀子看来,穷达取决于命运,祸福在于修为。明白了这种“天人之分”,则人不应汲汲于个人的穷达祸福和现实时遇,应“惇于反己”,关心自己的德性修为。

Xunzi's view of the Fen between Heaven and Man is different from that in the Qiong Da Yi Shi in bamboo slips.The Heaven of Qiong Da Yi Shi in bamboo slips is a kind of fate heaven.The Fen between Heaven and Man discusses the relationship between destiny and human affairs.It thinks that some things in the world,such as“opportunity”and“coincidence”,cannot be controlled by people,and can only be regarded as destiny or heaven.Some things,such as virtue,completely depend on people and have no connection with heaven.Xunzi's Heaven is a natural heaven.The purpose of his Fen between Heaven and Man is to let people know what they can do and what they can't do,and to transform human nature through the acquired cultivation of rites and music.Therefore,it can control the destiny of heaven and use it.In a sense,Xunzi also inherits the“virtue-one-also”path with“a gentleman is a man who should examine himself”in Qiong Da Yi Shi in bamboo slips and then develops outward and inward to cultivate etiquette and accumulate virtue.According to Qiong Da Yi Shi and Xunzi,poverty or richness depends on fate,and misfortune or happiness depends on cultivation.Knowing this Fen between Heaven and Man,people should not be absorbed in their own poverty,richness,misfortune,happiness and the actual situation,but should examine themselves,and care about their own virtue cultivation.