口述史的叙事分析——以蒙古族老人松布尔的口述史为例

Narrative Analysis of Oral History:The Oral History of Mongolian Songbur as an Example

蒙古族老人松布尔的口述史叙事模式中,第一人称和第三人称叙述交替出现,且第一人称叙述摆脱了限知视角,与第三人称的全知视角相融合,而第三人称叙述有讲述者在场和不在场的两种叙述以及隐藏行为主体的叙述模式。这样的叙事特征是在自然的社会沟通交流中,基于历史真实性,通过感性回忆和语言回忆实践而形成的。讲述者在场的第三人称叙述是维持口述史真实性的叙事模式,而讲述者不在场的第三人称叙述是向民间故事叙事发展的表现,是叙事化最客观的表现,更适合超越家庭的更大社会群体环境的叙事模式。这呈现了口述史与民间故事有故事共性,而在叙事模式上各自追求历史真实性和艺术想象力的特征。

Songbur’s oral history narrative mode shows that the first person and the third person narration alternate,and the first person narration gets rid of the limited perspective and integrates with the omniscient perspective of the third person,while the third person narration has two narrative modes:the presence and absence of the narrator and the hidden action as the main body.Such a narrative feature is formed in the natural social communication,based on“historical authenticity”and through the practice of perceptual memory and language memory.The third person narration in the presence of the narrator is a narrative mode to maintain the authenticity of oral history,while the third person narration in the absence of the narrator is a manifestation of the development of folk story narration.It is the most objective expression of narration,and is more suitable for the narrative mode of a larger social group environment beyond the family.This feature shows that oral history and folk stories have“story”in common,but each pursues“historical authenticity”and artistic“imagination”in narrative mode.