未成年人保护处分制度的反思与改进

Reflection and Improvement of Protective Disposition of Juvenile System

构建并完善未成年人保护处分制度、加强矫治教育是解决严重危害社会行为主体低龄化问题的有效路径。我国未成年人保护处分政策应采用恢复性模式,坚持以教育为本位的理念。包括分类处理机制和补足机制的未成年人案件分流机制应当以公安机关为分流主体,发挥检察机关的法律监督职能,构建内部监督和外部监督的闭环。采取未成年人保护处分制度相对化区分机制,即未成年人保护处分可普遍适用于实施严重不良行为的未成年人,而仅在特殊情形下,依据未成年人的行为是否达到刑法规定的犯罪程度和责任年龄对保护处分措施进行差别化规定。通过健全教育行政部门会同公安机关决定机制、完善专门教育指导委员会评估机制、强化与接受专门教育未成年人的父母或者其他监护人的联系机制、设置特殊的行政复议和行政诉讼救济程序以及由检察机关行使法律监督权等制度设计,构建权利保护、专业判断、多方参与、有效救济的科学决定程序。

Constructing and improving the protective disposition of juvenile system and strengthening correctional education are effective ways to solve the problem that the age of the subject who commits illegal acts seriously harmful to society becomes younger. China’s protective disposition of juvenile policy should adopt the restorative model and adhere to the concept that education is of fundamental importance. The distribution mechanism(including processing mechanism and replenishment mechanism) of juvenile cases should take police organs as the main subject;give full play to the procuratorate’s power of legal supervision;construct a closed-loop of internal supervision and external supervision. Adopt the relative differentiation mechanism of protective disposition of juvenile system, i.e. protective disposition of juvenile system can be generally applied to juvenile who commit serious illegal acts, but only in special circumstances, the measures should be differentiated according to whether their behaviors have reached the gravity of crime and whether they have reached the age of responsibility stipulated in the criminal law. Through improving education administrative department jointly with the police organs decision mechanism;perfecting specialized evaluation mechanism of steering committee for education;strengthening and receiving special contact mechanism of educating parents or other guardians of juvenile;setting up special administrative reconsideration and administrative remedy program as well as exercising the supervisory power of procuratorate to establish a scientific decision procedure with rights protection, professional judgment, multi-party participation and effective remedy.