论公共数据国家所有

State Ownership on Public Data

公共数据是否归国家所有,目前仍是个悬而未决的问题。针对公共数据所有权的现有研究主要基于私法财产权概念,忽视了国家所有的公权力面向。另外,目前对公共数据国家所有的论证,主要从法教义学和产权经济学入手,存在解释牵强、理论误用和论证不充分等缺陷。有鉴于此,有必要从政治哲学领域寻找国家所有权的证成工具。借助契约主义论证框架,公共数据国家所有可置换为一个虚拟的公共信托协议——国家受全民之托管理公共数据,但最终收益全民共享。由于无知之幕下的立约人会选择该协议来对公共数据资源进行分配,故公共数据国家所有的正当性得以证立。从虚拟缔约走向现实中的制度展开时,应关注国家所有权的确立程序、公共数据目录管理、收费机制以及数据资源的普惠供给,以切实保障公民应享有的数据权益。

Whether the state owns the public data is an important question to answer. Yet, current researches are misleading as they only focus on the private-law side, ignoring public-law perspective. Besides, the existing justifications for state ownership are mainly based on doctrinal legal analysis or economic analysis of property rights, causing problems such as over-interpretating constitutional clauses, misuing legal theories, and insufficient reasoning. However, state ownership is not a merely legal or economic issue. Therefore, this paper draws insights from political philosophy, especially contractualism, to transform the concept of state ownership into a virtual public trust, and demonstrates that it would be rational for the contracting parties behind the veil of ignorance to agree on such an arrangement, thus justifying public data’s being owned by the state. Besides, when converting the virtual contract into concrete rules, attention should be paid to the following aspects: the procedure to establish state ownership, data catalog management, pricing mechanism, and data supply inclusion.