黑龙江省10个奶牛场饲料中霉菌毒素暴露情况的调查

Investigation on mycotoxin exposure in feeds of 10 dairy farms in Heilongjiang Province

为了解黑龙江省奶牛场饲料中霉菌毒素污染的情况,试验采集黑龙江省5个地区共10个奶牛场的饲料原料样本41份(全株玉米青贮9份、玉米压片7份、苜蓿6份、豆粕6份、羊草3份、棉粕2份、麦麸2份、干酒糟及其可溶物2份、湿玉米1份、玉米面1份、喷浆玉米皮1份和玉米胚芽粕1份)、TMR样本30份(泌乳牛TMR 13份、干奶牛TMR 5份、围产前期TMR 4份、围产后期TMR 7份和育成牛TMR 1份)、奶牛精料补充料样本15份(泌乳牛精料补充料7份、干奶牛精料补充料2份、围产期精料补充料3份和育成牛精料补充料3份),采用ELISA方法测定饲料中呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol,DON)、T-2毒素(T-2 toxin,T-2)、赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)、伏马毒素(fumonisin,FUM)、玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEN)、黄曲霉毒素B_(1)(aflatoxin B_(1),AFB_(1))含量,并分别采用R-4.1.1软件中的pheatmap程序包和UpSetR程序包制作饲料霉菌毒素暴露的热图和韦恩图,对奶牛饲料样本中霉菌毒素进行暴露程度排序和混合暴露情况分析。结果表明:在调查的奶牛饲料原料中,各类别样本的DON和AFB_(1)阳性率均为100%,DON和T-2存在超标现象,DON超标的样本为苜蓿和喷浆玉米皮,T-2超标的样本为全株玉米青贮;在调查的奶牛TMR中,各类别样本的DON和AFB_(1)阳性率均为100%,ZEN存在超标现象,超标的样本为干奶牛TMR;在调查的奶牛精料补充料中,不同类别样本的DON、FUM、ZEN、AFB_(1)阳性率均为100%;DON和ZEN存在超标现象,DON超标的样本为泌乳牛精料补充料,ZEN超标的样本为围产期精料补充料。在调查的奶牛饲料样本中,6种霉菌毒素暴露程度排序为DON>T-2>ZEN>AFB_(1)>OTA>FUM;调查的奶牛饲料样本均为4种以上霉菌毒素共同暴露,出现最多的暴露组合是DON-OTA-FUM-ZEN-AFB_(1)。说明黑龙江省奶牛场饲料中的DON、T-2和ZEN暴露较为严重,且要加强防范4种以上霉菌毒素的共同暴露。

In order to understand the mycotoxin contamination of dairy feed in Heilongjiang Province,a total of 41 feed raw materials(9 of whole plant corn silage,7 of sets corn tabletting,6 of alfalfa,6 of soybean meal,3 of Chinese wild rye,2 of cotton pulp,2 of wheat bran,2 of dry lees and soluble content,1 of wet corn,1 of corn flour,1 of shotcrete corn husk,1 of corn germ meal),30 TMR samples(13 of secrete milk cow TMR,5 of dry cow TMR,4 of early perinatal period TMR,7 of after perinatal period TMR and 1 of breeding cattle TMR),and 15 concentrate supplementary feed samples(7 of concentrate supplementary feed for lactating cows,2 of concentrate supplementary feed for dry cows,3 of concentrate supplementary feed at perinatal stage and 3 of concentrate supplementary for rearing cattles)from 10 dairy farms in five regions in Heilongjiang Province were collected.Deoxynivalenol(DON),T-2 toxin(T-2),ochratoxin A(OTA),fumonisin(FUM),zearalenone(ZEN)、aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1))contents in feeds were determined by ELISA.Pheatmap and Up SetR in R-4.1.1 software were used to make heat maps and Venn plots of mycotoxin exposure.The mycotoxin exposure degree ranking and mixed exposure analysis were carried out in feed samples of dairy cows.The results showed that the positive rates of DON and AFB_(1) in feed raw materials were 100%.DON and T-2 exceeded the standard;alfalfa and shotcrete corn husk exceeded the standard for DON,and whole corn silage exceeded the standard for T-2.The positive rates of DON and AFB_(1) in TMR mixed feed samples were 100%.ZEN exceeded the standard;dry cow TMR exceeded the standard.The positive rates of DON,FUM,ZEN,AFB_(1) in concentrate supplementary feed samples were 100%.DON and ZEN exceeded the standard;concentrate supplementary feed for lactating cows exceeded the standard for DON,and concentrate supplementary feed at perinatal stage exceeded the standard for ZEN.In the investigated dairy cow feed samples,the order of mycotoxin exposure was DON>T-2>ZEN>AFB_(1)>OTA>FUM.The feed samples of dairy cows were all exposed to more than 4 mycotoxins,and the most exposed group was the DON-OTA-FUM-ZEN-AFB_(1).It indicated that DON,T-2 and ZEN were seriously exposed in the feed of dairy farms in Heilongjiang Province,and the joint exposure of more than four mycotoxins should be strengthened.