移民身份转变是否提升了居民的社会地位?——基于农村迁移人口的实证分析

Does the Change of Hukou Improve Migrants’ Social Status? An Empirical Study on Rural Migrant Residents

制度排斥和身份不认同是农村迁移人口难以融入城市的重要因素,进而影响其自我感知的社会地位。本文从制度排斥和身份认同两个维度分析了不同迁移居民自我感知社会地位的差异,利用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据,识别出具有城市户籍的“永久性”迁移人口和没有城市户籍的“暂时性”迁移人口,采用分组回归、工具变量等方法验证了农村迁移居民户籍身份转变对自我感知社会地位的影响。研究发现,“永久性”迁移居民自我感知的社会地位明显高于“暂时性”迁移居民。在此基础上,探讨了移民身份转变对自我感知社会地位影响的作用机制,发现“永久性”迁移居民在养老保险、住房状况、工作类型、居住环境等方面享有较高的社会福利,且进一步得出迁移居民落户的时间越久,自我感知的社会地位越高。因此,应该继续深化户籍制度及与之相关的配套制度改革,在逐步放开城市落户准入资格的同时,加速常住人口社会福利均等化,促进城乡融合高质量发展。

Institutional exclusion and identity rejection are two important barriers that keep rural migrants from integrating into urban cities, which further affect their self-perceived social status. Focusing on two dimensions of institutional exclusion and recognized identity, this paper analyzes differences in self-perceived social status among migrating residents. Using the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey(CLDS) data, we define “permanent” migrants as those with urban Hukou and “temporary” migrants as being without urban Hukou. Then we use subsample regressions and instrumental variable method to examine the effect of Hukou change on migrants’ self-perceived social status. The results show that on average the self-perceived social status is significantly higher among the “permanent” migrants. In exploring the mechanism of the effect, it is found that the “permanent” generally have higher social welfare, including pension insurance, housing, job condition, and living environment. It is further revealed the self-perceived social status is positively associated with length of residence. Therefore, it is important to continue the reform in Hukou system and related systems by gradually easing the eligibility for urban settlement and eliminating the Hukou barriers in social welfare.