马克思主编《新莱茵报》第23号

No.23 of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Edited by Marx

我国新闻传播学课程中必然会讲到1848—1849年欧洲革命时期马克思主编的《新莱茵报》,因为它是世界上第一家共产党——共产主义者同盟——的机关报,也是马克思主义新闻观的源头。但讲课的老师在2020年以前,只知道报纸上发表的部分马克思或恩格斯的文章,都不知道《新莱茵报》什么样,不知道报纸是否有广告,是否有文学副刊,一天有几个版等等。因为没有任何一号《新莱茵报》被翻译为中文。2020年10月以来,该报中文版在我国学术期刊上陆续发表了11号。《新莱茵报》三分之二号报纸一天出版2—4次以满足读者对新闻的需求。考虑到篇幅,本刊发表第23号,仅因为这号只有正刊4版,没有增刊。每一号报纸都显现了马克思统领报纸的风采。我们完全按照原版样式编排,尽可能还原报纸版面语言。该报面临普鲁士王权的政治迫害,还有资产阶级股东成批退股的困境,但在马克思的领导下,不到一年,报纸从最初发行量几百份,飙升到6000份,一跃成为德国第四大、普鲁士第二大报纸。马克思亲自撰写的《新莱茵报》发行部征订启事,持续安排在1—87号头版头条。第23号报纸头版头条是启事的缩写(前14号是全文),展现了马克思强烈的报纸经营意识。那时报纸的消息、通讯、评论尚没有区分,只以第一段开头的“地点+日期”相区分,均为匿名(地点前的符号是考证作者的依据之一)。世界唯一大报《泰晤士报》也是如此。但《新莱茵报》提供的“概览”使得主要新闻得以一目了然。在马克思的决断下,报纸的所有内容都体现着特殊的无产阶级性质。第23号集中报道了普鲁士资产阶级自由派内阁不到三个月即倒台的新闻。作为对这一重大事件的舆论引导,马克思写的新闻安排在第一条。他的第一句和最后一句都是奥地利剧作家的诗“不管太阳多么亮,它总是要落的”,艺术化地对这个内阁出卖革命做了巧妙的讽刺。安排在第二篇的是恩格斯写的新闻,揭露法兰克福国民议会通过了支持奥利地政府镇压意大利革命的决议。这号的意大利栏6条新闻,均为恩格斯所写(这组报道为首次译为中文),从军事专家的角度描述了意大利统一战争的实况。1848年6月23日,巴黎爆发了震惊世界的工人阶级六月起义。由于当时新闻传递的时效,《新莱茵报》和其他德国报纸均未获知,但该报的法国栏报道了由国家工场引发的法国资产阶级与工人阶级的矛盾,预示着冲突的爆发。英国的新闻,则以工人宪章派与当权者的斗争为主线展开。这号的小品栏发表了《新莱茵报》编辑费迪南·沃尔夫写的随笔《资产阶级》,以讲故事的方式,生动地阐释了马克思1844年论证的观点:“犹太人的解放,就其终极意义来说,就是人类从犹太精神中得到解放。”(《马克思恩格斯全集》第2版3卷192页,人民出版社2002年版)该号第四版三栏双线下和该版的下半部为广告。本刊同时发表的关于《新莱茵报》广告的论文,有4个分析实例来自这一号,凸显了报纸广告服务的意识。从这一天的《新莱茵报》,可以窥见当时德国、法国、英国、意大利极为细微的社会事件和丰富多彩的思想碰撞,仿佛可以触摸到马克思的思想。现在任何一本历史书都不可能展现这样的历史现场感,这就是报纸特有的魅力。

In China,journalism and communication courses inevitably talk about the Neue Rheinische Zeitung,the newspaper edited by Marx during the European revolution of 1848-1849,as it is the organ of the world’ s first communist party,the Communist League,and the source of the Marxist outlook of journalism. But the lecturers,until2020,knew only some of the articles by Marx or Engels that were published in the newspapers,none of them knew what Neue Rheinische Zeitung looked like,whether the newspaper had advertisements,whether it had a literary supplement,how many pages an issue had,and so on. This is because no issue of Neue Rheinische Zeitung had been translated into Chinese.Since October 2020,the Chinese version of 11 issues of the newspaper has been published one after another in China’ s academic journals. Two-thirds issues of the newspaper Neue Rheinische Zeitung are published 2-4 times a day to meet the demand of readers for news. Considering the length,this journal publishes the 23rd issue,only because this issue has only 4 pages in the regular issue and no supplements. Each issue of the newspaper clearly reveals Marx’ s genius for running newspaper. We have arranged them exactly in the original style,restore the language of the newspaper pages as much as possible. The newspaper was faced with political persecution from the Prussian crown,as well as the plight of bourgeois shareholders withdrawing their shares in droves,but under Marx’ s leadership,in less than a year,the paper soared from an initial circulation of a few hundred to 6,000,which became the fourth largest newspaper in Germany and the second largest newspaper in Prussia.The subscription notice of Neue Rheinische Zeitung written by Marx himself was consistently placed on the front page of issues 1-87. The front-page headline of the 23rd issue is an abbreviated version of the notice( the first 14issues are in full),demonstrating Marx’ s strong sense of newspaper management.At that time,there was no distinction between news,newsletters and reviews in newspapers,and the only difference was the “place + date”at the beginning of the first paragraph. All newspapers were anonymous( the symbol before the place was one of the bases for verifying the author). The same is true for the world’ s only major newspaper,The Times. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung,however,provides an “overview”of main news.With Marx’ s determination,all the contents of the newspaper reflected a special proletarian character. The23rd issue concentrated on the news of the fall of the Prussian bourgeois-liberal cabinet in less than three months.As a guide to public opinion on this momentous event,new written by Marx was arranged in the first article. His first and last lines are the poem of the Austrian playwright,“No matter how bright the sun is,it always sets,”an artful satire of the cabinet’s betrayal of the revolution. The second article is a news item written by Engels,revealing that the Frankfurt National Assembly passed a resolution to support the Origen government in suppressing the Italian revolution. The six news items in the Italy column of this number,all written by Engels( this group of reports is translated into Chinese for the first time),describe the reality of the war of Italian unification from the perspective of a military expert.On June 23,the world-shaking June uprising of the working class broke out in Paris. Neue Rheinische Zeitung and other German newspapers were not informed due to the timeliness of news transmission at the time,but the French column of the newspaper reported the conflict between the French bourgeoisie and the working class,triggered by the state workshops,foreshadowing the outbreak of the conflict. The British news,on the other hand,unfolded with the struggle between the workers’ chartists and those in power.This issue’ s vignette column published the essay The Bourgeoisie by Ferdinand Wolff,editor of Neue Rheinische Zeitung, which vividly illustrates, in a story-telling manner, what Marx argued in 1844: “The emancipation of the Jews,in its ultimate sense,is the emancipation of mankind from the Jewish spirit. ”( Marx Engels Collected Works,2nd Edition,Vol. 3,p. 192)The issue’ s the third column on fourth page under the double line and the bottom half of that page are advertisements. The paper on advertising in Neue Rheinische Zeitung,published simultaneously in this journal,has four examples of analysis from this issue,highlighting the awareness of newspaper advertising services.From this issue of Neue Rheinische Zeitung,one can glimpse the extremely subtle social events and the colorful collision of ideas in Germany,France,England,and Italy at that time,as if one could touch the thoughts of Marx.No history book nowadays can show such a sense of historical scene,and this is the unique charm of newspapers.