云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山片区 周边社区人熊冲突现状

Status of human-Asiatic black bear conflicts in surrounding communities of Baoshan area in Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve

亚洲黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)与人类之间的冲突普遍存在。在高黎贡山国家级自然保护区周边社区,人熊冲突严重威胁了当地居民的生产生活和生命安全。因此研究人熊冲突现状是了解其发生机制并提出缓解冲突措施的基础。我们于2019年通过半结构式访谈法对高黎贡山保护区保山片区周边社区的79位居民进行了人熊冲突相关的调查。结果表明亚洲黑熊在高黎贡山保护区周边社区的肇事类型按发生频率由高到低依次为破坏农作物(119起)、捕食家畜(43起)、损害蜂箱(40起)和伤人(5起)。亚洲黑熊造成受访者经济损失最多的肇事类型是捕食家畜(799200元),之后依次为损害蜂箱(309300元)和破坏农作物(298790元)。在高黎贡山保护区周边社区亚洲黑熊肇事的高峰期是每年的7—9月。在高黎贡山东西两侧亚洲黑熊肇事特征明显不同:东坡以破坏农作物为主,而损害蜂箱在西坡最常见。居住在高黎贡山西坡的村民比在东坡的村民对亚洲黑熊持有更为消极的态度,但消极的态度没有导致他们对黑熊进行报复性捕杀。此外,在高黎贡山周边社区72.0%的受访者表示没听说过当地有偷猎黑熊的事件,98.6%的受访者表示没听说过熊产品交易事件,大部分受访者表示在未来也没有使用熊产品的意愿。本文分析了高黎贡山保护区保山片区周边社区人熊冲突的现状,探讨了人熊冲突的空间和时间格局,为在高黎贡山开展缓解人熊冲突措施提供了科学依据。

Conflicts between Asiatic black bear(Ursus thibetanus)and humans are widespread in Asia.In the surrounding communities of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve(GLGNR),conflicts between human and Asiatic black bear have seriously threatened the livelihood and safety of residents,thus studying the patterns of human‒Asiatic black bear conflicts is the basis for understanding the underlying mechanism of conflicts and proposing mitigation measures.In 2019,we conducted a semi-structured interview survey on human‒Asiatic black bear conflicts in the surrounding communities of Baoshan area of GLGNR.The results showed that crop raiding(n=199 events)was the most common damage caused by Asiatic black bears reported by interviewees based on occurrence frequency,followed by livestock depredation(n=43),beehives damage(n=40),and attacking human(n=5).However,predation of livestock by Asiatic black bear caused the largest economic losses(799200 RMB),followed by crop damages(309300 RMB)and beehive damages(298790 RMB).These conflicts mainly occurred from June to August.The characteristics of human−Asiatic black bear conflicts varied between the eastern and western Gaoligong Mountains.In the eastern area of GLGNR,cropraiding was the major type of human−Asiatic black bear conflicts,while damage to beehives was the most serious conflict type in the western area.In addition,residents living in the western Gaoligong Mountains had a more negative attitudes towards Asiatic black bears than villagers in the eastern area.However,we found that neither negative attitudes nor occurrence of bear damages led to retaliatory killing of bears by local villagers.Moreover,72.0%of the interviewees in the surrounding communities in GLGNR reported that they had never heard of the poaching of Asiatic black bears in the local area,while 98.6%of them never heard about bear products trade.Additionally,they had no willingness to use bear products in the future.We analyzed the current situation of human‒Asiatic black bear conflicts in the surrounding communities of Baoshan area of GLGNR,and explored the spatial and temporal patterns of human‒Asiatic black bear conflicts.Our study provides a scientific basis for future work on mitigation and management of human‒Asiatic black bear conflicts in Gaoligongshan Mountains.