德国适老居住模式的特征与经验

Characteristics and Experiences of Living Modes for the Elderly in Germany

德国是全球较早步入老龄化的国家之一,经过几十年的积极应对,在老年居住与养老模式的发展上有着较为成熟的理论研究和实践经验。本文首先介绍了德国老龄化的背景和老年人的特点,探讨老年人居住选择的基本情况,阐述德国适老居住类型的研究和实践历程。通过比较与归纳,从居住空间、服务配备、各自优缺点和发展趋势等方面阐释了七种适老居住类型的特点,确定其各自对不同需求老年群体的适应性。笔者重点从概念、范畴、类型和实践几方面详细地对各类型的适老居住及其养老模式加以评析,明确各类型的突出优势,并梳理当前研究的关注点。最后,汲取德国在适老居住类型发展中的经验,结合我国老龄化国情和养老现状,笔者对可借鉴之处进行深入分析并提出建设性的建议。

Germany is one of the countries that entered the aging society at very early time in the world.After decades of active response,Germany fulfills mature experience of theoretical research and practical work on development of aging modes and living types.This paper first introduces the background of aging in Germany and the characteristics of the elderly,and discusses the basic situation of German elderly housing choices.It elaborates the research and practice history of the living types for the elderly in Germany.Through comparison and induction,the characteristics of seven living types for the elderly are explained from the aspects on living space,service supports,advantages and disadvantages and development trends,etc.Also,the respective adaptability to elderly groups with different needs are made sure;focusing on concepts,categories,types,practice and several aspects,the paper reviews and analyzes each living type and aging mode in detail,and clarifies the outstanding advantages of each type.Finally,absorbing the essence of Germany’s development of living types for the elderly and considering China’s current aging situation and housing conditions of old people,it is deeply thought about the experience that can be used as reference,and then conclusions and constructive suggestions are provided.