明末女真卫所衰落与建州女真的崛起——以穆昆塔坦档所载敕书为中心

The Fall of Jurchen Wei-suo and the Rise of Jianzhou Jurchens in the Late Ming Dynasty: The Study of the Imperial Orders that Recorded the Issue of mukūn tatan be ejehe dangse

《满文老档》太祖朝第79—81册题名为mukūn tatan be ejehe dangse,长期以来被误译为《族籍档》或《族档》。考证mukūn、tatan的含义及相关内容,可知此3册档案与族籍无关,而是万历三十八年努尔哈赤分配兼并哈达时所得363道和1道买得之敕书。努尔哈赤以这些敕书为凭,组成3个朝贡贸易团队分批前往开原南关取赏和贸易。这批敕书的来龙去脉,呈现了明末女真各部势力消长并渐被努尔哈赤统一的历程。而敕书所载信息,体现了明末女真卫所官员职级抬升、实权渐失,羁縻卫所制度已行将就木。在此过程中,敕书的政治功用基本丧失,仅成为入边朝贡贸易凭证。

Books no. 79–81 of Taizu section in the Manwen Laodang(En. The Old Manchu Archives) are entitled mukūn tatan be ejehe dangse(Man.), which have long been mistranslated as the “clan registry fi le” or “tribe fi le”. However, by examining the meanings of mukūn and tatan and their related details, this article argues that the details of these three volumes have nothing to do with the clan registry, but are the fact showing that 363 imperial orders and 1 purchased imperial orders obtained by Nurhaci in 1610(the thirty-eighth year of the Wanli reign, Ming dynasty), when he distributed the annexation of the Hada tribe. In this way, Nurhaci used these orders as certifi cate to form three tribute missions in batches to Nanguan at Kaiyuan to obtain rewards and trade. The importance of these imperial orders shows how the power of the various Jurchen tribes during the late Ming period waxed and waned and was gradually unified by Nurhaci. The recorded details of the imperial orders also refl ect the fact that although the Ming offi cials of the Wei-suo system were promoted in rank, their real power was lost, so the system was dying. In this process, political function of imperial orders was largely lost, and it became a mere certifi cate for entering the border for tribute and trade.