法国大革命时期古典形象的演变

The Evolution of the Classical Image in the French Revolution

法国旧制度时期古典教育塑造的道德“典范”和政治样板,为大革命推崇古典典范提供了文化条件。在雅各宾派专政时期,紧迫的内外局势促使革命领袖效仿古典共和主义楷模,以强化内部团结和斗争意志来应对危机,并尝试建立美德共和国以实现民族“再生”。热月政变之后,“观念学派”思想家将恐怖体制与雅各宾派对古典共和国的仿效联系在一起,否认古希腊罗马的政治典范和道德榜样地位。贡斯当、托克维尔、马克思和恩格斯将这些思想进一步凝练和概念化,古代典范被置于时间之流的上游,成为远离现代社会的“异乡”。

The moral “paradigms” and political models shaped by classical education in France during the Old Regime provided the cultural conditions for the promotion of classical paradigms during the French Revolution. During the Jacobin dictatorship, the pressing internal and external circumstances prompted revolutionary leaders to follow the classical republican model. They also took advantage from this model to respond to the crisis by strengthening internal unity and the will to fi ght, and to try to establish a Republic of Virtue for the “regeneration” of the nation. After the Thermidorian Reaction, the ideologues associated the Reign of Terror with the Jacobin emulation of the classical republic, denying the status of ancient Greco-Roman political paradigms and moral examples. These ideas were further condensed and conceptualized by Constant, Tocqueville, Marx and Engels. As a “foreing country” far removed from modern society, the ancient paradigm was rendered null and void.