大国引导、信任生成与东盟国家对华安全感

Major Powers’Persuasion,Trust Generation and ASEAN Countries’Sense of Security Toward China

冷战后,中国通过安抚赢得了东盟国家的信任,但相似的安抚行动下不同国家对华信任程度呈现差异。为解释这种差异形成的原因,可以围绕国家安全感构建一个中小国家对大国的信任生成框架:国际信任分为基于物理性安全感的信任和基于本体性安全的信任,前者是后者的前提。大国的战略信誉与战略安抚可以满足中小国家的物理性安全感,而大国对中小国家自传体叙述与身份认知的尊重可以满足它们的本体性安全。大国满足中小国家物理性安全感和本体性安全的程度决定了中小国家对大国的信任层次,因此东盟国家对华信任的差异源自中国对东盟国家物理性安全感与本体性安全的满足程度的差异。对比老挝和越南两个案例可以发现,中国满足了老挝的物理性安全感和本体性安全,因此老挝对华信任程度较高;中国部分地满足了越南的物理性安全感、难以满足越南本体性安全,因此导致越南对华信任程度较低。有鉴于此,中国在引导周边中小国家信任生成时,要兼顾对方的物质利益关切和身份认知,并根据是否存在物质利益冲突、能否容忍对方自传体叙述的关系特征,有针对性地引导对方的对华信任生成,争取更为友好的周边环境。

After the Cold War,China’s reassurance won differentiated trust in China from ASEAN countries.Why do ASEAN countries have different levels of trust in China in the face of similar reassuring actions by China?To explain the question,the author attempts to construct a framework for how small and medium-sized states generate trust in neighboring major powers,centering on the national sense of security.There are two levels of trust of small and medium-sized states in major powers,namely,trust based on the sense of physical security and trust based on ontological security.The former is the premise of the latter.The combination of strategic credibility and strategic reassurance of major powers can satisfy the sense of physical security of small and mediumsized states,while the ontological security of small and medium-sized states can be satisfied by major powers respecting small and medium-sized states’autobiographical narratives and identity recognition.The degree to which major powers satisfy the sense of physical security and ontological security of small and medium-sized states determines their trust level to major powers.Therefore,the differences in the degree of the satisfaction of the sense of physical security and ontological security of ASEAN countries result in the differences in the trust of ASEAN countries in China.In the comparison of the cases of Laos and Vietnam,China satisfied Laos’sense of physical security and ontological security,which led to Laos’high trust in China;China partially satisfied Vietnam’s physical security,but found it hard to satisfy Vietnam’s ontological security,which led to Vietnam’s low trust in China.The policy implications of this analysis are as follows:When China is trying to persuade small and medium-sized neighboring states to generate trust in China,it needs to take into account the material interest concerns and identity recognition of the small and medium-sized states and persuade them accordingly to generate trust in China based on the relationship characteristics,especially whether they have conflicts of material interests with China and their autobiographical narratives can be tolerated by China,so as to obtain a more favorable surrounding environment.