偷越国(边)境罪的着手问题探析——兼论涉疫情防控相关问题

Initiation of Illegally Crossing the National(Frontier)Border Crime:also on Issues Related to Epidemic Prevention and Control

司法实务过早认定了偷越国(边)境罪的实行着手,导致该罪未遂犯的处罚范围被不当扩大。对此,应当在理论上予以检讨。该罪的保护法益是出入境管理秩序,但不包括疫情防控秩序。出入境管理秩序只存在于国边境而不包括边境管理区。根据“实质的结果说”,只有对国边境的出入境秩序造成紧迫危险的,才是偷越着手,但是在具体认定上,需要采取一种“紧密前阶状态”的判断方法:在违反许可制度出入境的场合,行为人实施了虚构合法持有出入境证件的事实的行为的,就是偷越的着手;在违反检查制度出入境的场合,偷越着手表现为实施躲避行为或者抗拒行为;在绕开规定口岸出入境的场合,偷越着手则表现为行为人进入边防管理机关的控制区域,或者能够被规范评价为“靠近国(边)境线”。

The implementation initiation of the crime of illegally crossing the national(frontier)border is pre⁃maturely identified in judicial practice,resulting in improper expansion of the attempted criminal penalty scope,which should be reviewed in theory.The legal interest of this crime is the order of entry-exit management only exist⁃ing at the national border without the border management area,but it does not include the order of epidemic preven⁃tion and control.Illegal crossing refers only to those that pose an urgent danger to the entry-exit order at the nation⁃al border according to the substantive result theory,while a judgment method of tying in tightly with previous state should be adopted in specific identification.The initiation of illegal crossing is identified in the case of violating the permit system when the perpetrator fabricating the fact that he legally holds the entry-exit certificate,is identified in the case of violating inspection system when the evasion or resistance is implemented,and is identified on the oc⁃casion of bypassing the specified entry and exit port when the perpetrator enters the control area of the border con⁃trol authority or is normatively evaluated as close to the national(frontier)border.