先秦指定服役制度述论

A Study on Assigned Labor System in Pre-Qin Period

指定服役制度的提出是我国学者在探索国家和文明起源问题上的重要理论贡献。先秦时期,由于社会分工不发达、血缘共同体普遍存在等原因,统治者的各种需求并不能通过市场调节得到满足,更不能直接针对个人或地区摊派税役,因此原始血缘共同体的内部分工被赋予了国家强制力,并以构建仿族组织的方式推及被征服者身上。指定服役制度作为早期国家自然选择的结果,表现出强制性、整体性、固定性等特征,且遵循等级、特长特产、同役平均的摊派原则。先秦早期国家层面的农业劳役、手工劳役、军事劳役、官制起源、服制等,均与指定服役制度密切相关。

Assigned Labor System is the theoretical contribution of Chinese scholars in studying the origin of the states and civilization. In Pre-Qin period, rulers’ various needs cannot be met through the market regulation, and they cannot apportion taxes and the labor owing to the underdevelopment of social labor division and the widespread blood relationship community;therefore, the internal labor division in blood relationship community was carried out through the coercive force of the states. In the same way, the quasi-blood relationship community was constructed to impose the labor division on the conquered. Assigned Labor System as a result of natural selection in the early states was characterized by coerciveness, integrity and stability, and followed the principles of the class, specialty, and equality of the same labor. In Pre-Qin period, agriculture labor, handicraft labor, military labor... were all closely related to Assigned Labor System.