明代蜀府王庄的来源及管业模式探析

The Origins and Management Pattern of the Royal Estate of Shu Princes in the Ming Dynasty

王府庄田是明代社会经济的重要部分,诸王府中蜀府号称“最富”,但其王庄来源和管业模式并不清楚。新发现《西蜀正字山寺碑铭》、明蜀王文集及旧存四川地区方志等材料共同揭示,蜀府除“钦赐”“奏讨”外,还在分封时“自行开垦”了大量未载册籍的田土,并于各处王庄兴修寺观,利用僧人代为管业,寺观统属于蜀府内官机构“正字厅”,蜀府与宗教势力间存在利益纽带。这表明在张居正清丈运动前,蜀府存有大量隐匿庄田,长期自行管业,有司难以掌握。万历清丈后,隐匿的庄田被纳入国家赋役体系,蜀府财力亦随之下降。

The royal estate of princes is a vital part of Ming dynasty’s social economy. Among all the princes, Shu was known as the “richest” one. Until recently we had little knowledge of the origins and management mode of Shu prince’s royal estate. The newly-discovered resources like Inscription of Zhengzi Temple in Western Shu, The Writings of Shu Princes and other local records over the past 600 years tell us that, besides “chartered” or “requested” lands, the princes of Shu “self-cultivated” vast swaths of unregistered land from the very beginning. The Shu princes also built a number of Buddhist or Taoist temples on their royal estates, in which monks were appointed to manage these lands. These temples belonged to Shu State’s internal organization “Zhengzi Office”, showing that Shu State was economically involved with local religious forces. It is proved that Ming dynasty’s princes had long been owning a large scale of unregistered “self-run” lands, and the central authority failed to know this very fact for many years. Only after the policy of land measurement was introduced in Wanli period were these unregistered lands finally incorporated into Nation’s tax system, by which the Shu State’s economic condition was impacted.