“语用转向”视野下布兰顿推理语义观和规范语用观研究

A Study on Robert Brandom’s Inferential Semantics and Normative Pragmatics after the Pragmatic Turn

当代美国语言哲学家罗伯特·布兰顿以实用主义“实践优先”的原则,开创一条语用解释语义的研究进路来阐释语言的意义。布兰顿的语用学即语言表达式使用(推理)的研究,而语义学则是表达式意义的研究。语言的意义来自推理实践,“推理”建构布兰顿的推理语义学;同时,表达式的使用有正确和错误之分,因而,“规范”建构布兰顿的规范语用学。在社群交流中,规范态度建构规范,规范则通过承诺和资格的规范身份以计分的形式进行评估,这种评估最终表明:意义就是规范的。在布兰顿看来,在给出和索取理由的计分实践中,理由是行动的基础,规范的恰当性最终转为理性行动的恰当性。布兰顿通过规范和社会阐明的语用学重建整个语言哲学,这种叙事最终也丰富当代的实用主义。

Robert Brandom,a contemporary American philosopher,develops a new line of inquiry into semantic content by giving a pragmatic account based on priority of the practical of pragmatism.In Brandom’s opinion,pragmatics studies the use of linguistic expressions(i.e.inferring),while semantics explores the meaning of expressions.The meaning of language originates from inferring and“inference”is the basis for defining inferential semantics;meanwhile,the correct and incorrect use of the expression involves the norm,so“the norm”is essential in normative pragmatics.In social exchange,our normative attitudes institute the norm which is assessed by keeping track our normative status with scorekeeping in our discursive practice.The assessment concludes that meaning is normative.According to Brandom,in the practice of scorekeeping of giving and asking reasons,a reason rationalizes an action,whose propriety depends on the norm.Brandom reconstructs philosophy of language via pragmatics which is explicated by norms and community,and this narrative is ultimately to to enrich contemporary pragmatism.