传统与现代:青海道山传统“花儿”会的现代转向

Tradition and Modernity:The Modern Turn of the Traditional ’Hua’er’ Hui in Taoist Mountains Qinghai Province

以元朔山、西元山、五峰山、金娥山、武当山、北极山等为主的青海道教名山上,每年都有花儿会轮番展演,形成一道亮丽的道山文化风景线。道山“花儿”会的形成除了“赶庙会”这一根本原因外,还与人们喜欢结伴游赏和道山风景怡情等特点不无关系,这是道山花儿会区别于其他空间展演花儿会的主要原因。从表演形式和原生态表征方面看,参与主体自发、展演场地随意、在场民众狂欢等原生性文化特征以及用不同花儿调令对唱、合唱、独唱等展演模式都继承和延续了河湟花儿会的传统特质。然而,由于现代文化的强势冲击、国家环保政策的不断加强等主客观因素的影响,“花儿”主体急剧减少、花儿受众发生转移、花儿空间不断缩小,以致出现道山花儿会由择林荫、草甸“自由组合,席地而坐”的原生表演,逐步演变成“搭建戏台,乐舞伴奏”的展演方式。道山花儿会的这种现代转向并非只存在花儿会“灵魂”缺失之弊,也有变相图存之利。

Taoist mountains in Qinghai mainly consist of Yuanshuo Mountain,Xiyuan Mountain,Wufeng Mountain,Jin’e Mountain,Wudang Mountain and Beiji Mountain,where Hua’er Hui is held in turns every year,which forms a beautiful cultural landscape.In addition to"Temple Fairs",the formation of Hua’er Hui in Taoist mountains is also related to traveling,the pleasant scenery,and the dense forests in the mountains,which are the main aspects that Hua’er Hui in Taoist mountains is different from the ones held in other places.In terms of the performance form and original ecological representation etc.,it has been inheriting and continuing the original cultural characteristics of Hehuang Hua’er Hui,such as spontaneous participation,random performance venues,carnival of the people present,as well as the performance modes with different singing tunes,such as duet,chorus and solo.However,under the influence of subjective and objective factors,including the strong impact of modern cultures,and the strengthening of national environmental protection policies,the number of participants in Hua’er Hui has been decreasing sharply,the audience has been shifting,and venues of Hua’er Hui have been constantly shrinking.The original performance,in which participants chose partners freely,and sat on the ground in the shade of trees and meadows,has been evolving into a performance on a stage accompanied by music and dance.This modern turning of Hua’er Hui in Taoist mountains indicates the loss of"soul"of Hua’er Hui,but it has the advantage of Hua’er Hui surviving in a different form.