海南渔民海神信仰谱系及其仪式活动

Hainan Fishermen's Marine Belief Pedigree and Their Ritual Activities

以海南渔民海神信仰为研究对象,结合南海诸岛考古发现和海南岛方志等文献,及笔者2012―2020年在海南持续做的田野调研资料,从谱系理论出发,运用文献分析及田野调查等方法,对海南渔民海神信仰谱系及仪式活动进行研究。结果表明:海南渔民海神信仰谱系包括海洋水体本位神、航海保护神、渔商专业(行业)神、镇海神与引航神等海神家族谱系,岸上―岛屿―船上―东南亚移民社会等空间谱系,出海前―归航时―捕鱼前―海难―日常等时间谱系;海神信仰仪式活动主要有做海仪式、南海诸岛仪式以及日常实践中的仪式。在参与仪式的过程中,海南渔民通过一系列的情境展演与活动等互动,触发自身的集体记忆与文化认同,并形成一定的社会关系与秩序:1)树立了船长的绝对权威;2)形成先登岛拜庙者享有优先捕捞权的传统;3)众神合祀突出,其中拜“108兄弟公”出海仪式是最隆重和最受渔民重视的;4)海南渔民的地方性海神信仰是海南籍华侨的身份象征和地域认同的重要标志。

This paper takes Hainan fishermen’s Sea God belief as the research object, combines the archaeological discoveries of the South China Sea Islands, the local chronicles of Hainan Island and other documents, and the author’s continuous field research data in Hainan from 2012 to 2020 and studies the Sea God belief pedigree and ritual activities of Hainan fishermen from the pedigree theory, using the methods of literature analysis and field investigation. The pedigree of the sea god family includes the sea water standard God,navigation protection God, fisherman professional(industry) God, sea god pilotage God, and others. These form the land-island-ship-spatial pedigree of immigrant societies in Southeast Asian countries;and the time pedigree of before going to sea-after returning home-before fishing-shipwreck-daily. These pedigrees have been incorporated in daily ritual activities in sea ceremonies in South China Sea Islands and daily practice. Based on the genealogical theory, the temporal and spatial genealogy of Hainan fishermen’s belief and the social relations and order in ritual activities were analyzed, also by literature analysis and field investigation. The results showed that: 1) The captain has absolute authority. 2) Tradition that formed from those who first visit the island and worshiped the temple prioritized fishing. 3) Joint worship of gods is prominent, with the worship of 108 brothers being the most important and grand aspect of sacrificial ceremonies. 4) The local sea god belief of Hainan fishermen is an important symbol of identity and regional identity of overseas Chinese in Hainan.