民间信仰谱系的生成演进逻辑--以黄河流域山陕豫河神、雨神信仰为考察中心

The Formation and Evolution Logic of a Folk Religion Genealogy

民间信仰的发生与人类的生存活动息息相关,并具有潜隐性、多元性、弥散性等特征。黄河流域山陕豫民间信仰的远源可以追溯到原始社会的万物有灵观,其根脉孕育于农耕文化的土壤之中,围绕着物的生产与种的繁衍这两大需求,形成了以自然农业神信仰、社会保护神信仰、世俗化的儒释道信仰为主干系统的民间信仰谱系。九曲黄河、险象环生的地理形势和十年九旱、雨不逢时的气候条件衍生了独特的河神信仰与雨神信仰,经由灵验传说、人格化、世俗化等环节的演进机制,走向人们心灵深处,参与到社会生活的各个方面。在社会转型期,民间信仰发展要加强信仰内部各要素的互动,促进民间信仰与社会结构各个环节的交融,发挥民间信仰对社会群体的道德伦理教化功能、社会组织整合功能和社会秩序的软性控制功能,彰显民间信仰在乡村振兴中的内生性力量。

The occurrence of folk religions has close relations with the living activities of human beings,which has features of being latent,diversified and diffused.Folk religions among Shanxi,Shaanxi and He’nan Provinces of the Yellow River Basin originate from the concepts of animism in the primitive society and root in the soil of agricultural civilization,and two main survival demands for material production and offspring breeding have contributed to a genealogy of folk religions,with beliefs for natural farming gods,deities for protecting the society,and secular Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism Gods as the backbone of the system.The dangerous geographical environment of the winding Yellow River and harsh climatic conditions of long drought have generated unique beliefs in River God and Rain God.Then through links of efficacy,personification and secularization,these folk beliefs developed their evolutionary mechanism into the bottom of the hearts of people as well as every corner of their social life.During the period of social transition,the development of folk religions should strengthen the interaction of various elements of the belief system,promote folk religions to blend into various links of social structures,and play their roles of moral and ethical education for social groups,social organization integration and soft control of social orders,and ultimately highlight their endogenous forces in rural revitalization.