新冠疫情下的全球卫生治理:现状、问题与完善——以2005版《国际卫生条例》为视角

Global health governance under the COVID-19 pandemic:status,issues and improvements——A perspective on the International Health Regulations(2005)

COVID-19的大流行给国际法律制度和政策带来了前所未有的挑战,国际社会还无法预见其长期后果。以联合国世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,以下简称世卫组织)和2005版《国际卫生条例》(International Health Regulations,以下简称《条例》)为基础的预防和控制疾病国际传播的法律制度体系也受到了严峻的考验,世卫组织依据《条例》的国际法规定领导世界抗击新冠疫情。然而,《条例》在操作上存在诸多问题,如国际关注的突发公共卫生事件的标准不明确、缺乏遵约机制和有效的争端解决机制、限制了国际合作与援助、缺乏足够的资金应对大流行等。《条例》尽管存在缺陷,却是全球卫生法律治理的重要框架。世卫组织可通过修订《条例》解决存在的主要问题,如设立PHEIC“中间”警报级别、建立可靠和统一的筹资机制等,可为世卫组织带来新的动力,并促使各国对流行病做出更加协调和有效的反应。

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to most international legal regimes and policies,and the international community has not been able to foresee its long-term consequences.The system of legal regimes for preventing and controlling the international spread of disease,based on the WHO and the International Health Regulations(2005),has also been severely tested.WHO leads the world’s fight against the new crown epidemic based on the international law provisions of the International Health Regulations(2005)(hereinafter referred to as"IHR(2005)").However,there are many operational problems with the IHR(2005),such as unclear criteria for PHEIC,lack of compliance mechanisms,effective dispute resolution mechanisms,limitations on international cooperation and assistance,and lack of adequate funding for pandemic response.Despite its shortcomings,the IHR(2005)is an important framework for legal governance of global health.Addressing its major weaknesses by revising the IHR,such as the creation of a PHEIC"intermediate"alert level and a reliable and consistent funding mechanism,could give new impetus to WHO and lead to a more coordinated and effective national response to pandemics.