基于木塑基耗材的增材制造技术研究进展

Research progress of additive manufacturing technology and equipment for wood-plastic consumables

以木、竹等生物质材料为基材的3D打印木质制品,兼具木材质感与填充材料的良好性能,是实现可再生资源持续利用的重要途径之一。总结了近年来木塑基耗材的增材制造研究、工艺提升和设备研发的最新进展。首先介绍了通过木粉、木质纤维素、纳米纤维素等为基材或增强组分混合PLA、ABS和TPU等,实现对原材料制备的突破;其次分析了对3D打印木塑基复合材料机械性能和界面相容性等关键技术参数的研究报道;再阐述了基于木塑基耗材FDM、SLS和3DP等不同成型工艺的方法创新及其工业化应用探索,详述了目前基于木塑基耗材的增材制造设备原理及其研发现状,讨论了设备研发中亟待解决的关键问题;最后,从原材料制备木质含量较低、品种偏少,制品材料性能有待提高,以及设备成型效率偏低等三方面,分析了目前基于木塑基耗材的增材制造面临的技术难题与挑战,并从专用耗材、专用设备和全过程工艺研发,以及评价与标准体系建设两个方向提出未来可能的发展趋势。国内外迫切需要完整的木质材料增材制造解决方案,以期实现其从概念验证应用转向产品大规模和商业化生产。

Wood materials are widely sourced, economical, and environmentally friendly, which can keep their good intrinsic physical and chemical properties after modification. Based on wood, bamboo and other biomass materials, 3 D printed wood products could not only combine the texture of the wood material itself with good performance of the filling materials, but also own the relatively low cost of raw materials and processing. According to the relevant literature reported by academia and related equipment developed by enterprises in recent years, this review aimed at summarizing the research progress of additive manufacturing(AM) technology and equipment for wood-plastic consumables. Firstly, the breakthrough in the preparation of wood-plastic consumables for additive manufacturing by mixing wood powder, lignocellulose and nanocellulose as substrates or reinforced components with polylactic acid(PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU) were introduced. It is worth mentioning that most of the new 3 D printed wood composite materials currently investigated and prepared can be classified into this category of wood-plastic composite materials. Secondly, the key technical parameters such as mechanical properties and interface compatibility of 3 D printed wood-plastic consumables, as well as different influencing factors such as raw material composition, molding process parameters and equipment structure layout were analyzed. Thirdly, with the advance in the preparation of raw materials and the increase of industry standards for wood-plastic consumables for AM in recent years, the method innovation and exploration of industrial applications of fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering and three-dimensional printing for wood-plastic consumables were described. Furthermore, the characteristics and research status of three kinds of wood-plastic consumables additive manufacturing technologies were expressed in detail, and the problems to be solved in the development of wood-plastic consumables additive manufacturing equipment were discussed. Finally, the technical problems and challenges of wood-plastic consumables using AM were analyzed from three aspects: low wood content and less variety of raw materials, relatively poor material properties of products and low molding efficiency of equipment. The future possible development trends were proposed from two directions: the research of special raw materials, special equipment, and whole process technology;and the creation of evaluation and standard systems. The global ecological environment and other factors promoted the use of 3 D printed wood-plastic consumables and other renewable resource products, so there was an urgent need for complete solutions of wood-plastic consumables using AM to broaden the application scope of 3 D printed wood products, and ultimately achieve the transformation from proof-of-concept applications to large-scale and commercial production of products.