西方生态美学的缘起、发展与转型

The Origin,Development and Transformation of Western Ecological Aesthetics

西方生态美学在20世纪中叶出现理论萌芽,经历了在生态伦理、生态文学、景观设计等领域几十年的发展,逐渐与自然美学和环境美学区分开来,并初步形成了具有独立话语体系的一门学科。生态美学的学科构建主要体现在处理生态学、美学和环境保护的关系上,具有从自然到环境再到生态的内在逻辑承接性,包含了人、社会、文化、环境四个维度的融合。生态美学突破了传统美学知识自律的窠臼,并以科技与人文相融合、景观与艺术相渗透的视野成为后现代文化景观的重要组成部分,为主体的生态自然与生命自由提供知识资源。利奥波德、米克、贾克苏、高博斯特和林托特等学者在不同的时期分别从不同的视角在各自的领域推动了西方生态美学的发展,他们具有代表性的思想是西方生态美学话语体系的重要组成部分。

Taking its origin in the middle of the 20th century,Western ecological aesthetics has in the ensuing decades cross-fertilized with ecological ethics,ecological literature,and landscape designs,giving rise to a new interdisciplinary discourse conspicuously distinct from that of the natural aesthetics and environmental aesthetics.Ecological aesthetics takes as its objective to unravel the increasingly complex relationship between aesthetics,ecology,and environmental protection.By extending the object of its discourse from nature to environment and then to the whole ecological system,it has to a large degree succeeded in defining a plausible way to take individuals,society,culture,and their environment all into an aesthetic perspective.And such a perspective has played an effective role in breaking the spell of the so-called“aesthetic autonomy”and helped to transform aesthetics into a post-modern landscape by seeking unremittingly a hybridization between technologies and humanities and between arts and landscapes.Resultingly,the proverbial Kantian bridge between nature and freedom has been remolded into an ecological one connecting humans to their living space.Among others,Aldo Leopold,Joseph W.Meeker,Jusuck Koh,Paul H.Gobster,and Sheila Lintott have contributed in their own ways to such a development.This article is to introduce and comment on their typical ideas of Western ecological aesthetics system.