从办报到印刷:清末官报局创办始末与功能演变

From Publishing Newspaper to Printing:Establishment and Function Evolution of Official Newspaper Bureau in the Late Qing Dynasty

官报局是清末新政时期涌现的新型官僚机构,在官方出版史上有着重要意义。戊戌时期的官书局开启了官报局办报、译报之传统。新政早期,官报局学习先进技术,采用专业的管理方式运营,编辑发行新式官报,已具现代报馆之雏形。新政后期,官报局的功能由办报转为办报兼印刷,承接官用品、民用品的印刷业务,以此聚敛收入,与纸商、咨议局产生冲突。清末官报局成立与功能演变的过程既体现出时局变动下清廷顺应潮流、学习新型经营管理方式的一面,也暴露出新政与民争利、滥用职权的弊病。新机构、新制度的建制需要增加成本,新政引领的部分改革直接倚仗行政资源谋求财富,将成本转嫁至民众,而不是靠开拓市场弥补亏空,激化了官民对立。官报局的运行情况折射出国家治理的紊乱与失序,更是新政改革中官民内耗的一处缩影。

The official newspaper bureau,which is of great significance in the history of official publishing,emerged as a new type of bureaucracy in the Late Qing Dynasty.In the early days of the New Policy Reforms,the official newspaper bureau was responsible for editing and issuing new official newspapers,learning advanced technology and adopting professional management,which acted as the prototype of a modern newspaper office.In the late period of the New Policy Reforms,the function of the official newspaper bureau changed from publishing newspaper to publishing and printing newspaper,and forcibly accepted the printing business of official supplies and civilian supplies,so as to collect money,thus causing conflicts with paper merchants and consultation bureau.The process of the establishment and function evolution of the official newspaper bureau not only reflected the progress of the government following the trend and learning the new management mode,but also reflected the essential characteristics of the reform’s encroachment on the interests of the people and abusing power.The establishment of new institutions and systems requires increased costs.Part of the reforms led by the New Policy Reforms directly relied on administrative resources to seek wealth and transfer the costs to the public,rather than making up for the deficit by exploiting the market,which had intensified the confrontation between the government and the public.The operation of the official newspaper bureau reflects the disorder of national governance,and is an epitome of the internal friction between the officials and the public in the New Policy Reforms.