数字音乐时代录音法定许可的正当性证成

The Justification of Compulsory Recording License in the Digital Music Era

数字技术使音乐产业呈现新的业态,也令传统的音乐版权许可制度面临许可与传播效率冲突、成本失衡的困境。限制著作权人的专有许可权是降低音乐市场交易成本的一种可选方案,但我国录音法定许可运行绩效饱受诟病,在《著作权法》第三次修法过程中更是曾掀起废除录音法定许可的论争。探究实体唱片时代的录音法定许可应否扩展至数字音乐领域,可首先追索其制度脉络。法定许可制度立法沿革表明,法定许可是一种应对版权扩张的权利限制机制,面对数字技术对版权体系的冲击时依然表现出其稳定的制度价值和生命力。其次,从域外例证转向立足我国实践环境进行考察,法定许可制度在著作权利益平衡的内生属性、数字音乐时代产业及社会文化需求、本土实践的路径选择三个维度均体现出难以替代的现实价值。最后,提出许可效率必要的程序保证和权利人获酬权实现的制度保障,是数字音乐时代法定许可制度价值实现的关键。

Digital technology enables the music industry to present a new format,and also causes the traditional music copyright licensing system to have problems of efficiency conflicts and cost imbalances between licensing and dissemination.Restricting the exclusive licensing rights of copyright owners is an optional solution to reduce transaction costs in the music market.However,the performance of the compulsory recording license in China has been criticized.During the third revision of the Copyright Law,there was a debate on the abolition of the compulsory recording license.To explore whether the compulsory recording license on physical records should be extended to digital music,we should first trace its institutional context.The legislative evolution of the compulsory license system shows it is a right restriction mechanism to deal with the expansion of copyright.It has stable institutional value and vitality in the face of technological change.Then examine whether the successful precedents of other country can be applied to domestic practice.Compulsory license reflects the irreplaceable practical value in three dimensions:the essential attribute of the balance of copyright interests,the industrial and social cultural needs in the digital music era,and the path selection of local practice.Finally,the procedural guarantee of licensing efficiency and the institutional guarantee of the realization of the right holder’s right to remuneration are proposed,which are also the key to the realization of the value of the legal licensing system in the digital music era.Finally,put forward the procedural guarantee for licensing efficiency and the institutional guarantee for the realization of the right holder’s right to remuneration.