马克思对黑格尔与费尔巴哈现实观的超越

Marx's Transcendence of Hegel's and Feuerbach's View of Reality

自黑格尔以来,现实概念成为了一个极其重要的哲学概念。黑格尔、费尔巴哈和马克思这三位哲学家对现实观分别有着不同的本质定向,反映着他们哲学立场的根本区别。其中黑格尔认为现实既是绝对精神及其展开过程,又是这个过程中表现出来的必然性,还是本质和实存的统一。费尔巴哈则否认存在抽象的普遍事物,认为现实应被定向为感性实存。马克思则在实践的基础上超越了二者的现实观:首先,他既认同现实的本质在于感性,又批判地继承了黑格尔现实观的活动性原则,将现实视为不断生成的感性活动本身,即实践;其次,他把现实规定为劳动对象化的定在,认为资本主义社会的现实就是资本主义生产关系;最后主张现实反映了本质与实存的统一,这种统一在社会-历史发展中表征为物质生产关系。

Since Hegel,the concept of reality has become an extremely important philosophical concept.Hegel,Feuerbach and Marx,each had a different essential orientation towards the view of reality,reflecting a fundamental difference in their philosophical positions.Among them,Hegel saw reality as both the absolute mind and its unfolding process,and the necessity that manifests itself in this process,as well as the unity of essence and actuality.Feuerbach denied the existence of abstract universals and argued that reality should be oriented to sensual reality.Marx,on the other hand,transcends both views of reality on the basis of practice.Firstly,he both agrees that the essence of reality lies in sensuality and critically inherits the activity principle of Hegel's view of reality as a constantly generating sensual activity itself,i.e.practice.Secondly,he specifies reality as the determination of labor objectivity and believes that the reality of capitalist society is the capitalist relations of production.Finally he argues that reality reflects the unity of essence and actuality,a unity that is characterised in socio-historical development as material relations of production.