四川现存宋代山城城门调查简报

Investigation Report on the Gates of Extant Song Fortresses in Sichuan Province

中国古代城池众多,但多数保存状况不佳。现存较完好的城门实物多属明清时期,宋代及以前十分罕见。近年来笔者及课题组成员在对四川地区宋蒙山城遗址的调查中发现9座保存较完好的南宋晚期山城城门,分别是金堂云顶城的北门、瓮城门,平昌小宁城的西门、北门和小西门,剑阁苦竹隘的卷洞门,荣县大刀砦的友信门,蓬安运山城东门和苍溪大获城卷洞门。上述城门均为石质拱券式,依券洞形态可分为一段式、二段式和三段式三种类型。拱券为半圆形,矢跨比大多在0.5左右。这9座城门形制多样、拱券规范,但矢跨比各不相同,表明城门拱券技术已经被筑城者掌握,只是还不够成熟。四川现存的宋代山城城门材料,为探讨我国古代城门类型由抬梁式向拱券式转变的时间、地点、原因等问题提供了宝贵的线索。

There are many ancient cities in China,but most of them are poorly preserved.Most of the well-preserved gates of the cities can be dated to the Ming and Qing dynasties,and the gates of the Song dynasty or former dynasties are rare.In recent years,the author and members of the research group found nine well-preserved fortress gates of late Southern Song dynasty in the investigation of the Song-Mongolia fortress sites in Sichuan province,including the north gate and barbican gate of Yunding Fortress in Jintang,the west gate,north gate and small west gate of Xiaoning Fortress in Pingchang,the Juandong gate of Kuzhu Fortress in Jian’ge,the Youxin gate of Dadao Fortress in Rongxian,the east gate of Yunshan Fortress in Peng’an,and the Juandong gate of Dahuo Fortress in Cangxi.The above stone gates are all in the arch style and can be divided into one-section,twosection and three-section three types according to the shape of the hole.Most arch rise-span ratios are about 0.5.The nine fortress gates of various shapes and standard structures indicate that the arch technique of the fortress gates has been grasped by the builders.The extant Song fortress gates in Sichuan provide valuable materials for the research on the time,place and reasons of the change of gate styles from post and lintel to arch in ancient China.