从南汉佛教铭刻论南汉佛教管理制度

On the Buddhism Management System from Buddhist Relics in the Southern Han Dynasty

南汉为五代十国时期的十国之一,其历代帝王推崇佛教,遗留的石碑、铜钟、铁塔、经幢及摩崖石刻造像等众多佛教文物,反映出其独具自身特色的佛教管理制度。首先,南汉建立起层级分明的僧官体系,以僧录统领治下佛教事务,各州设僧正,还设有都监这一僧官监督佛教事务,各基层寺院内有监寺、三纲和知事僧。其次,南汉设立了宫使制度,朝廷册封权宦担任宫使一职,分掌佛教事务,他们是皇帝和佛教之间的联系者,映射出南汉政权对佛教事务的掌控和管理。最后,南汉朝廷和官府对佛教事务的管理深入到对僧人、寺院和佛事活动的管理中。南汉佛教管理制度既延续了唐代中后期形成的僧官和功德使制度,又进行了适应自身管理需求的再创造,是处于唐宋之交这一转折时期的社会产物,是佛教制度化、世俗化的重要体现。

The Southern Han dynasty is one of the ten kingdoms of the Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms.Buddhism is highly revered by the emperors,therefore there remains many Buddhist cultural relics,such as stone tablets,bronze bells,iron pagodas,sutra pillars and cliff carvings in the Southern Han dynasty,reflecting the Buddhist management system with its own characteristics.Firstly,the Southern Han dynasty established a hierarchical system of monastic officials to supervise the Buddhist affairs,including the highest monastic official in the kingdom named senglu,the director of Buddhist affairs named sengzheng and inspector of the monks and temples named dujian.There was also supervisor,three abbots and many deacons in every basic level Buddhist temple.Secondly,the Southern Han government established the Commissioner of Palace staffed by eunuchs as the link between the king and Buddhism to control Buddhist affairs,reflecting the control and management of Buddhist affairs under the political power.Finally,the management of Buddhist affairs was extended to the management of monks,temples and Buddhist activities.The Southern Han Buddhist management system not only continued the system of monastic officials and Commissioner for the Cultivation of Merit and Virtue(gongdeshi)formed after mid-Tang,but also realized the recreation to meet its own needs,which was both a social product at the turning of the Tang and Song dynasties and the process of institutionalization and secularization of Buddhism.