日本中岛竦与唐兰古文字构造“三书说”及“自然分类法”

Nagajima,Sho and the Three Types Theory and Natural Classification of Tang Lan(唐兰)’s Combination Theory of Ancient Chinese Characters

严学宭(1935)曾评说日本中岛竦(1934)《书契渊源》与唐兰(1935)《古文字学导论》古文字构造“三书说”及“自然分类法”关系“异曲同工”。八十多年过去,迄今无人再论及。本文力图阐发中岛竦古文字构造“三书”理论指导下的共时存在的古文字关系范畴,以及其“四纲层级”结构形式布局及古文字学术史价值;唐兰《古文字学导论》古文字构造“三书说”及“自然分类法”理论缘起,来源、实践、影响,以及中岛竦与唐兰理论与实践差异,包括唐兰是否看过或知道中岛竦《书契渊源》,还有陈梦家、裘锡圭对唐兰“三书”说批评的“不对称性”问题做了探讨,以期厘清中岛竦与唐兰相关学说的各类关系。

Yan Xue-qun(严学宭1935)once commented that the relationship between the Nagajima,sho(1933)’s Shu Qi Yuan Yuan(书契渊源)and Tang Lan(唐兰1935)’s Three Types Theory and Natural Classification of Ancient Chinese Characters in his Introduction to Ancient Chinese Characters was‘different in approach but equally satisfactory in result’.More than eighty years have passed and no one has talked about it so far.This paper attempts to explain the synchronic relationship of ancient characters under the guidance of the Three Types Theory of Nakajima,sho’s combination theory of ancient Chinese characters,as well as its structure and layout of Four Outline Levels and academic history value of ancient characters;This paper also discusses the start,origin,application and influence of Tang Lan(唐兰)’s Three Types Theory and Natural Classification in his Introduction to Ancient Chinese Characters,as well as the theoretical and practical differences between Nakajima,sho and Tang Lan(唐兰),including two questions:(1)Whether Tang Lan(唐兰)has read or knew Nakajima,sho’s Shu Qi Yuan Yuan(书契渊源);(2)The asymmetry of Chen Meng-jia(陈梦家)and Qiu Xi-gui(裘锡圭)’s criticism of Three Types Theory of Tang Lan(唐兰),hence the various relationships between Nakajima,sho and Tang Lan(唐兰)’s opinions could be clarified.