从贸易政策到竞争政策:国有企业国际造法的路径选择

From Trade Policy to Competition Policy: the Path Choice of Establishing International State-owned Enterprises Rules

当前,国际社会对于是否应当以及如何在多边、区域或双边协定中纳入专门的国有企业规则存在立场分歧。国有企业国际造法的现有方案主要依托于贸易政策框架,但是贸易政策框架本身无法妥善解决国有企业规制争议。国有企业问题不仅是贸易问题,更是竞争问题,竞争政策更宜作为国有企业国际造法的有效路径。竞争政策的诸多特性如广泛的覆盖范围、所有制中性、全覆盖的规制体系以及建立在效果原则基础上的规制逻辑等,更加符合各方诉求,能够为达成共识创造有利条件。因此,有必要重新认识竞争政策,并在国际、国内两个层面加以推广实施,推动构建以非歧视原则为基础、对所有市场主体一视同仁的国际竞争规则。

The international community currently has different positions on whether and how to conclude international state-owned enterprises( SOEs) rules. Existing schemes relying mainly on trade policy frameworks cannot properly resolve divergence on SOEs concerns. Surrounding SOEs are not only trade-related,but also competition-related. By contrast,competition policy is more appropriate as an effective path to establish international SOEs rules. Characteristics of competition policy,including the extensive coverage,the ownership neutrality principle,the full-process regulatory system and the regulatory logic based on the principle of effect,are more in line with the demands of all parties and can create favorable conditions for reaching a consensus. Accordingly,international competition rules based on the principle of non-discrimination and treating all market entities equally shall be established after re-understanding,promoting and enforcing competition policy at both international and domestic levels.