限制自认的类型化分析—《民事证据规定》第7条的理论阐释

A typological analysis on restricted self-admission——a theoretical interpretation of article 7 of the civil evidence regulations

《民事证据规定》第7条适用的核心问题是如何判断限制自认能否构成自认。因为限制自认的实践形态多样,所以《民事证据规定》第7条的理论阐释应采用类型化分析的方式。限制自认成立自认须得满足自认成立要件中的不利益性要求,此不利益性的判断应聚焦于当事人“限制主张”对其“自认主张”效力的影响。以“限制主张”的内容为标准,可以将广义限制自认分为部分自认、附理由的否认、附请求条件的自认和狭义限制自认。一般情形下,部分自认可以成立自认;附理由的否认不应成立自认;附请求条件的自认如果是原告作出的,一般不可成立自认,如果是被告作出的则可能成立自认;至于狭义限制自认,一般只有附权利受制抗辩的“自认主张”有可能成立自认。

The central issue of the application of Article 7 of the Civil Evidence Regulations is how to determine whether a restricted self-admission can constitute self-admission. Because of the diverse forms of the restricted self-admission in practice, the theoretical interpretation of Article 7 of the Civil Evidence Regulations should be done by means of typological analysis. A restricted self-admission must meet the disinterest requirement for self-admission so as to be established, and the judgement of disinterest should focus on the effect of the party’s "restriction claim" on the validity of its "self-admission claim". Depending on the content of the "restriction claim", generalized restricted self-admission can be divided into partial self-admission, conditional denial, selfadmission with request and restricted self-admission in the narrow sense. In general, partial self-admission should be considered as self-admission;while conditional denial should not be considered as self-admission;self-admission with request conditions generally could not be considered to be self-admission if it is made by the plaintiff, but the conclusion could be otherwise if it is made by the defendant;as for restricted self-admission in the narrow sense,only "self-admission claims" with the defense of subjection may be considered to be self-admission.