九九消寒图:艺术创作与文化流变

Nine Times Nine Pictures to Dispel the Cold:Artistic Creation and Cultural Change

冬日数九习俗始于唐代,迨至宋时,已渗入口头传统与图像艺术领域。九九消寒图的基本样式包括梅花消寒图、九圈消寒图和九字消寒图,分别始于元、明、清三代。在此基础上,又衍生出古钱消寒图、九字消寒联等多种样式。其中,“梅花”和“九字”消寒图,大都以计日消遣为主要目的,区别在于前者多为闺阁游艺,后者更为文人群体和官宦人家喜爱;而九圈消寒图,因其更易形成“农业气象档案”,故备受农家欢迎。民国以降,消寒图携带着其固有的艺术特质和文化意涵,与社会运动深度融合,彰显出了节令民俗艺术参与社会建构的适应能力和生命活力。

The custom of nine counting in winter began in the Tang Dynasty.By the Song Dynasty,it penetrated into the field of oral tradition and graphic art.There are three ways to draw the picture,“Plum Blossom Branch with Nine Flowers”,“Nine Large Squares”and“Nine Chinese Characters”,which started in Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.On the basis of these three forms,Nine Times Nine Pictures to Dispel the Cold derived many other forms,such as“Ancient Money Pictures”,“Nine Characters Couples”and so on.Among them,“Plum Blossom Branch with Nine Flowers”and“Nine Chinese Characters”are mostly for the purpose of counting days for recreation.The difference is that the former is an entertainment in boudoir,while the latter is preferred by intellectuals and officials:The“Nine Large Circles”is popular with farmers because it is easier to form“Agrometeorological archives”.Since the Republic of China,with its inherent artistic characteristics and cultural connotations,“Pictures to Dispel the Cold”has deeply integrated with social movements,which demonstrates the adaptability and vitality of participation of festival folk art in social construction.