清代徽州棚民的结构组成与基层社会生态——以清代嘉庆年间休宁县左垄村土棚互控案为例

The Structural Composition and Grass-Roots Social Ecology of The Structure and Basic Social Ecology of Huizhou Shedpeople in Qing Dynasty:The Case of Mutual Control of Soil Shed in Zuolong Village of Xiuning County During Jiaqing Dynasty is Taken as an Example

文章根据新发现的《休宁县三十三都五图左垄村土棚互控案卷》,以左垄村土棚互控案件处置为中心,对清代徽州棚民群体的结构性组成特征及其资金来源进行分析,并结合地方官府和基层社会生态,探讨清代徽州地方官员突发事件的应急应变能力。研究表明,棚民群体由棚头和雇工组成,并非皆为富裕农民,棚头才是富裕农民,广大棚民即雇工其绝大部分是贫困阶层,一般棚民亦较为普遍。整个棚民群体具有地域性、宗族血缘性和较强流动性等特征。包括对棚民在内的突发事件处置,尽管事关当地官府和基层社会生态,但主要地方官员的担当干练才是考验其应急和应变能力的关键。

Based on the newly discovered documents of Mutual Accusations between Indigenous People and Shed People in Zuolong Village,Fifth Tu of Thirty-third Du,Xiuning County,centering on the settlement of soil shed case in Zuolong village,the article analyzed the structural characteristics and sources of funds of shed people groups in Qing Dynasty,with a review of the local government and grass-roots social ecology.Their ability of responding and handling local emergencies was discussed.It is believed that the group of shed people was composed of shed people and hired workers,not all of them were rich farmers.In fact,the shed people were rich farmers,while the majority of the hired workers were poor,and so as the general shed people.The community of Shanmin was featured with charicteristics of being regional,related by its clan and blood,and its strong mobility.Although the handling of emergencies,including with those of Shan-people,was a concern for the local government and the social ecology at the grass-roots level,the ability of handling emergencies for the main local officials and how they were supposed to react to them was the key to testing their capacity of management.