动词评价性形态的类型学特征考察

A Research on Typological Features of Evaluative Morphology of Verbs

动词的评价性形态是指通过形态手段表达动词的“主观量”与默认值或标准值发生偏离,常常附加“褒化”或“贬化”的主观评价。文章考察了52种世界语言和45种中国境内民族语言的动词评价性形态,总结了其在区域分布、表现形式和意义方面的共性与类型特征。从世界范围来看,动词评价性形态不是语言共性特征,其区域分布具有明显差异和倾向性;在表现形式上,后缀和重叠占优势;在意义上,以贬化评价为主,常与“复动性”和“体貌”发生交融。我国境内民族语言的动词评价性形态较发达,具体表现在:1)形式多样,有完全重叠、重叠+词缀、部分重叠、重叠式的四音格词、动词与状貌词结合、加缀等;2)意义丰富,既有表达增量的,也有表达减量的,以附加贬化评价为主。

A linguistic construction can be defined as evaluative morphology if it has the function of assigning a value which is different from that of the standard or default to a concept by means of a linguistic form which is lexically autonomous and is recognised by the speakers of the language as an actual word. This paper examines 52 languages around the world and 45 ethnic minority languages in China. Globally, the data indicate that rather than being a universal phenomenon, the evaluative morphology of verbs is areally conditioned. In form, suffixes and reduplication predominate. In terms of meaning, evaluative morphology of verbs mainly represents the pejoration of actions, which is often mixed with pluractionality or aspectuality. The evaluative morphology of verbs in the examined ethnic minority languages is relatively rich, as shown in the following aspects. First, there are a variety of forms including full reduplication, reduplication+affix, partial reduplication, reduplicated four-syllable constructions, verbs with ideophones, affix. Second, it can express a shift towards both the negative and positive end of the default value of verbs, and mainly express pejorative evaluation.