冷战初期美国通信政策的制定和演变

A Pilot Study of the Development and Evolution of U.S.Communications Policy during the Early Cold War

在现代社会,通信产业和通信网络是一个国家社会和经济发展的核心动力,往往由国家掌控;倡导“通信自由理念”的美国却是少数几个通信产业完全私有化的国家。当美国的通信产业策划逐步占据国际市场份额的时候,形势迫使美国政府必须动用国家力量助力自己的通信产业。《1934年通信法案》的颁布以及美国联邦通信委员会成立后,美国建立了由国会立法规定原则、联邦通信委员会负责具体政策实施和监管的独特通信政策模式。尽管这种政策模式仍旧对外宣称秉承“通信自由理念”,却不想遭遇了来自其自身不小的挑战。例如一战后的“黑室”丑闻和二战后中央情报局和国家安全局的监听和破译丑闻。对外宣称“通信自由”的美国逐渐暴露出了其妄图全方位控制全球通信网络的野心,美国宣称的“通信自由”政策完全是一纸空话。

In modern society,the communications industry and communications networks are the core drivers of a country’s social and economic development and are often controlled by the state;while the United States,which advocates the concept of“freedom of communication,”is one of the few countries that has fully privatized its communications industry.When the U.S.communications industry was planning to gradually take over the international market share,the situation forced the U.S.government to use national power to help its own communications industry.With the enactment of the Communications Act of 1934and the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission(FCC),the United States established a unique communications policy model in which Congress legislated the principles and the FCC was responsible for the implementation and regulation of specific policies.Although this policy model still claims to uphold the“philosophy of freedom of communication,”it has encountered considerable challenges of its own.Examples include the“black room”scandal after World War I and the CIA and NSA wiretapping and decryption scandals after World War II.The U.S.,which proclaims“freedom of communication”to the outside world,has gradually revealed its ambition to control the global communication network in all aspects,and the U.S.communication-free policy is completely a lie.