秦简所见餟祭及其相关问题

Chuoji 餟祭 in Bamboo Slips of the Qin Dynasty and Related Issues

秦简中的“席三餟”,不是每席举行三次餟祭或三席相缀连,而是指每席设三份祭品。“一餟”“二腏”“五腏”“九腏”等用语,皆应作此理解。“席三餟”代表了餟祭中铺设祭品的环节。故此,一套完整的餟祭仪式,一般包括准备祭品、诏神、设神席和祭品、正式餟祭、沃祭等步骤。秦简所见餟祭的应用范围相当广泛,涉及马禖、先农、行神、祷禳、墓祭等多种祭祷仪式。传世文献表明,较之秦代,汉代以后餟祭的应用范围有所缩小,逐渐以墓祭为主。

The present paper proposes that“席三餟”,as seen on bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty,refer neither to three Chuoji餟祭per table nor to three tables adjacent to one another.It refers to,we argue,three offerings per table.Other terms such as“一餟”“二腏”“五腏”“九腏”should be interpreted the same way.“席三餟”implies the arrangement of offerings in Chuoji.The complete sacrificial rites of Chuoji include the preparation of offerings,god calling,and the set-up of sacred seat of the god and offerings,the performance of Chuoji,and Woji沃祭.Chuoji as recorded on bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty were applied widely and related to different sacrificial rites such as马禖、先农、行神、祷禳、墓祭.We argue,on the basis of historic records,that the use of Chuoji was constrained to a limited area in the Han Dynasty than in the Qin Dynasty,which was eventually replaced by Muji墓祭.