秦岭山地传统民居院落地域适应性及传承研究

Research on Regional Adaptability and Inheritance of Traditional Residential Courtyards in Qinling Mountains

秦岭山地中具有鲜明特色的大量传统民居院落,是我国秦巴山地建筑文化的重要载体。通过对秦岭山地传统民居院落的地域适应性特征分析,并选取代表性传统民居院落进行实测模拟,探索秦岭传统民居院落与当地自然、气候、文化等环境因素之间的关系。运用定量实测和相关软件模拟分析的研究方法,对不同空间尺度的传统民居院落进行温湿度测试及风环境模拟,明晰传统民居院落的地域气候适应性规律,传统民居院落在空间尺度、朝向、院落出入口位置、材料结构及屋檐出檐尺寸等方面,与所处地域地理、气候、文化等环境具有高度的适应性,如:山地高差有利于院落通风和防风,秦岭中段南麓窄长型院落及竖向天井更有利于院落通风,西段方正开敞的院落有利于日照,中段院落的中部开门方式有利于院落通风和湿气排出,西段院落偏向一隅的开门方式有利于防风,中段传统院落出檐较长有利于檐下空间通风等。并提出在民居新建过程中,对传统民居院落地域适应性特征的传承策略:顺应地形的院落选址,发扬地方材料优势,结合气候的院落空间布局,展现多元文化特色。该研究对发扬秦岭山地地域生态文化特色,保护传统民居营建文化的多元性,实现乡村人居环境的绿色发展与人、建筑、自然环境的和谐统一具有重要的现实意义和应用价值。

A large number of traditional residential courtyards with distinctive characteristics in the Qinling Mountains are an important carrier of the architectural culture of Qinba Mountains in China.By analyzing the characteristics of regional adaptability of traditional residential courtyards in Qinling Mountains,and selecting representative traditional residential courtyards for measurement and simulation,the relationship between traditional residential courtyards in Qinling Mountains and local environmental factors such as nature,climate,and culture was explored.Using the research methods of quantitative measurement and software simulation analysis,the temperature and humidity test and wind environment simulation of traditional residential courtyards with different spatial scales were carried out to clarify the regional climate adaptability law of traditional residential courtyards.Traditional residential courtyards have a high degree of adaptability to the geographical,climate,cultural and other environments in which they are located in terms of spatial scale,orientation,courtyard gate location,material structure and eaves size.For example,the height difference of mountains is conducive to courtyard ventilation and windproof;the narrow and long courtyards and vertical patios at the southern foot of the middle section of the Qinling Mountains are conducive to the ventilation of the courtyards;the square and open courtyards in the western section are conducive to bringing in sunlight,and the way of opening the doors in the middle section of the courtyards is conducive to the ventilation and the discharge of moisture of the courtyards in the middle section of the Qinling Mountains.The way of opening the door in one corner is conducive to windproof,and the long eaves of the traditional courtyard in the middle section are conducive to the ventilation of the space under the eaves,etc.In the process of building new houses,the strategy of inheriting the characteristics of the traditional houses and courtyards’ regional adaptability was put forward:The site selection of the courtyard conforms to the terrain;the advantages of local materials are carried forward;the spatial layout of the courtyard takes climate into consideration,displaying the diversity of culture,which has important practical significance and application value for carrying forward the ecological and cultural characteristics of Qinling mountain region,protecting the diversity of architectural culture of traditional residential courtyards,realizing the green development of rural living environment and the harmonious unity of human,architecture and nature.