从观影到品评:电影批评的美育实践功能

From Film Viewing to Reviewing:The Practical Function of Film Criticism in Aesthetic Education

20世纪初,就读于清华大学(时称清华学校)的闻一多和潘光旦等学生在新文化运动的社会呼声以及蔡元培美育理念的影响下,对校园文化中逐步流行的电影这一新兴文化现象,从娱乐性、艺术性和道德教化等方面展开了系统的电影批评,体现了一场从萌芽到成熟,从感性体验到理性判断,从发展个性、陶养人格到社会团结的美育探索与实践。通过梳理分析1920年前后刊载于《清华周刊》中的电影批评文可知:其一,闻一多等清华学生对校园文化的讨论从文学、音乐逐渐转到电影,并尤其注重电影这一新兴媒介对道德的影响;其二,论争从被动的感性观影体验,转向对电影技术、行业和各国电影发展的主动探索;其三,争论呈现出感性—知性—理性逐步深化的趋势,学生开始认识到电影具有美育功能,并从论述道德教化功能转向对电影艺术形式的美学思辨;其四,争论从理念最终落实到生活实践中。

In the early 20th century,Wen Yiduo,Pan Guangdan and other students at Tsinghua University(then known as Tsinghua School),under the social voice of the New Culture Movement and under the influence of Cai Yuanpei's concept of“aesthetic education”,launched a systematic film criticism of the new cultural phenomenon of film,which was gradually becoming popular in campus culture,in terms of entertainment,artistry and moral education.This is an exploration and practice of aesthetic education from germination to maturity,from sensual experience to rational judgment,from personality development and personality cultivation to social solidarity.By sorting out and analyzing the relevant historical materials in Tsinghua Weekly,this paper finds that:(1)Wen Yiduo and other Tsinghua students discussion of campus culture gradually shifted from literature and music to film,and paid particular attention to the influence of film as a new media on morality;(2)The content of the debate has shifted from the passive perceptual viewing experience to the active exploration of film technology,industry and film development in various countries;(3)With the deepening of the debate from perceptual to intellectual to rational,students began to realize that film has the function of aesthetic education,and turn from discussing the function of moral education to the aesthetic speculation of film art form;(4)The debate was from the idea to the practice of life.