泡沫钢的制备、性能及应用研究进展

Research progress in preparation,property and application of steel foam

泡沫钢作为近年来开发的一种新型结构-功能材料,具有高比强度和比刚度、高比表面积、轻质、吸能减震、多孔过滤、电磁屏蔽、生物相容性等优点,在航空航天、汽车船舶、建筑工程、散热隔热、催化过滤、电磁屏蔽、生物医疗等领域呈现出广阔的应用前景。本文综述了新型泡沫钢材料的研究发展现状;介绍了泡沫钢材料的现有制备工艺、结构、性能特征及应用领域,主要包括制备工艺的优缺点,不同工艺制得泡沫钢的孔结构特征,泡沫钢的力学性能(屈服强度、弹性模量、吸能值)、物理性能(散热隔热、吸声隔声、电磁屏蔽)、生物性能及应用情况;分析了泡沫钢存在的问题及限制其工业化开发应用的因素。总的来说,泡沫钢作为一种轻型高比强度结构材料和特殊性能的功能材料,未来需要建立工艺-结构-性能理论模型,优化制备工艺,实现规模化生产和应用。

As a new type of structural-functional material developed in recent years,steel foam has the advantages of high specific strength and specific stiffness,high specific surface area,light weight,energy absorption and shock absorption,porous filtration,electromagnetic shielding and biocompatibility.It has a broad application prospect in aerospace,automobile,shipbuilding,civil engineering,heat dissipation and heat insulation,catalysis and filtration,electromagnetic shielding,biomedical engineering and other fields.In this paper,the research and development situation and existing problems of new steel foam are reviewed,and the preparation process,structure,performance characteristics and application fields of steel form are introduced,including the advantages and disadvantages of the existing preparation process,cell structure characteristics,mechanical properties(yield strength,elastic modulus,energy absorption value),physical properties(heat dissipation and insulation,sound absorption and insulation,electromagnetic shielding),biological properties and application of steel foam.The existing problems of steel foam and the limiting factors of its industrial development and application are analyzed.In general,the existing research has proved the feasibility of steel foam development and application as a light-weight high strength structural material and a special functional material,and pointed out the technical and theoretical research work to be carried out in the future.