尊古礼与顺时变:朱熹庙议中的经学与政治

Respecting Ancient Rites and Changing with the Times:Confucian Classics and Politics in Zhu Xi’s Temple Discussion

北宋以来,宗庙制度一般都是承袭故事,导致宗庙中积累了很多问题,主要有宗庙的庙数、始祖问题和昭穆问题。南宋绍熙五年,针对这些问题朱熹与宰相赵汝愚等群臣展开争辩,朱熹主张宗庙制度的设计理念要符合儒家经典的古意。他主张依照周礼的精神确定宗庙庙数、以太祖追封的僖祖为始祖、兄终弟及的皇帝异昭穆。朱熹这些设计背后,上承王安石、程颐,他们追慕经典中的圣贤之意、推崇古礼。但宋代宗庙问题涉及许多政治因素,虽然朱熹庙议的经学解释更符合经典中的周制,也注定失败。透过事件,宋儒利用儒家经典的不同态度,也可以从其礼议的经学解释中窥见。

Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the temple system had generally been following the previous systems,which resulted in the many problems concerning the number of sacrificing temples, the first emperor and Zhaomu(the setting of hierarchical order). To settle the problems, Zhu Xi had a debate with Prime Minister Zhao Ruyu and other officials in the fifth year of the rein of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty.He held that the basic principle of the temple system should conform to that of the Confucian classics, and thus the number of ancestral temples should be determined in accordance with the rites of the Zhou Dynasty, the first ancestor be Xi Zu granted by Taizu, and the younger brother who became an emperor by succeeding hiselder brother should have different Zhaomu. Behind these designs, Zhu Xi inherited from Wang Anshi and Cheng Yi, who had pursued the meaning of sages in classics and respected ancient rites. However, the issue of ancestral temples in the Song Dynasty involved many political factors. Although Zhu Xi’s temple discussion based on the Confucian classics was more in line with the Zhou system in the classics, it was doomed to failure. The event tells us that different attitudes toward Confucian classics held by Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty can be seen from their Confucian interpretation of rites.