摘要
Although considerable conservation resources have been committed to develop and use law enforcement monitoring and management tools such as SMART,measures of success are ill-defined and,to date,few reports detail results post-implementation.Here,we present 4 case studies from protected areas with Amur tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)in Russia,in which indicators of success were defined and evaluated at each.The ultimate goal was an increase in tiger numbers to 1 individual/100 km^(2)at each site.We predicted that improvements in law enforcement effectiveness would be followed by increases in prey numbers and,subsequently,tiger numbers.We used short-term and long-term indicators of success,including:(i)patrol team effort and effectiveness;(ii)catch per unit effort indicators(to measure reductions in threats);and(iii)changes in target species numbers.In addition to implementing a monitoring system,we focused on improving law enforcement management using an adaptive management process.Over 4 years,we noted clear increases in patrol effort and a partial reduction in threats.Although we did not detect clear trends in ungulate numbers,tiger populations remained stable or increased,suggesting that poaching of tigers may be more limiting than prey depletion.Increased effectiveness is needed before a clear reduction in threats can be noted,and more time is needed before detecting responses in target populations.Nonetheless,delineation of concrete goals and indicators of success provide a means of evaluating progress and weaknesses.Such monitoring should be a central component of law enforcement strategies for protected areas.
基金
We thank the Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation,the North American Association of Zoos and Aquariums,the Disney Conservation Fund,Feld Entertainment,the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation,the Phoenix Fund,the Tigris Foundation,the United States Agency for International Development(USAID
Associate Award#118-A-00-11-00007-00)
the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s Rhinoceros and Tiger Fund(grant numbers F10AP00399 and F14AP00659)
the Columbus Zoo and the Zoological Society of London for their financial support of the SMART program in Russia.We are grateful to Yevgeny Stoma for trial testing the collection of data for the LEM program,and we thank the staff and directors of Lazovsky State Zapovednik,Land of the Leopard National Park,Zov Tigra National Park and Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik for agreeing to participate in this program and for their efforts to make SMART a success.
