1912-1931年东北地区移民的影响与启示

Impacts and Enlightenment of Migration to the Northeast China from 1912-1931

纵观中国历史上的规模较大的人口流动,清末以来的农民流向东北即“闯关东”,是中国历史上最大的人口流动之一,它对东北地区乃至中国的现代化进程产生了重大而深远的影响。这场大规模移民在民国时期达到了高潮,本文以1912-1931年东北地区移民为主要研究对象,通过历史经济学分析方法,运用大量的史料考证还原东北地区农民流动的概况。通过分析这一阶段东北地区移民的规模、人口结构、地域分布、职业分布等人口特征描绘出这一时期东北地区移民的总体状况。同时,利用历史经济学方法和理论分析东北地区人口迁移的深层次原因,从土地价格、交通条件、就业机会、收入差距等方面分析东北地区人口迁徙的原因,民国时期政府的宏观政策也在一定程度上推动了东北地区人口迁徙。东北地区农民流动对东北地区乃至全国农业、经济、社会产生广泛影响,人地紧张的突出矛盾得到了有效缓解,直接推动了东北地区的农业发展和种植结构的变化,为东北地区成为我国著名的“大粮仓”奠定了基础,同时推动了东北地区工业化和城镇化的发展。东北地区人口迁徙带来的区域经济发展对于新时代乡村振兴背景下城乡融合发展,促进东北地区经济社会发展,振兴东北老工业基地具有重要的启示。

Throughout the history of China’s large-scale migration,the movement of peasants to the Northeast since the late Qing Dynasty which is called“Crashing into Guandong”is one of the largest size of migrations in the history of China.It has significant and far-reaching impacts on the modernization of China especially the Northeast.“The Great Migration”reaches its climax during the Republic of China.The main research object of this paper is“The Great Migration”from 1912 to 1931.By means of historical economic analysis,this paper restores the general situation of the peasant migration using large numbers of historical materials.This paper describes overall condition of“The Great Migration”by analyzing the population characteristics including migration scale,population structure,region distribution and profession distribution during the period.Meanwhile,this paper analyses deep reasons for“The Great Migration”from aspects of land price,transportation convenience,employment opportunity,income gap and so on by using historical economic methods and theories.The national macro policy of the Republic of China also promotes the migration to some extent.The peasant migration has impacts on the agriculture,economy and society in the Northeast and even the whole country.It alleviates the prominent contradictions between population and land effectively and promotes the development of agriculture and the change of planting structure directly.Besides,it has laid the foundation for the Northeast to become a famous“big granary”in China and promotes the development of industrialization and urbanization in the Northeast.Regional economic development brought by“The Great Migration”has important inspirations for the integration of urban and rural development in the context of rural revitalization for a new era,for the development of economy and society in the Northeast,and for the revitalization of the northeast old industrial base.