七七纺纱机源考

Research on the origins of the Double-Seven spinning machine

七七纺纱机是中国在抗日战争背景下发展而来的特殊产物,然而目前学界对于七七纺纱机起源问题的研究较为欠缺。文章通过对民国期刊及地方县志的查阅,发现七七纺纱机的起源可以追溯至1929年。周元龙受日本大和纺纱机的启发,发明了三十二锭竹木脚踏纺纱机。后来由于抗日战争的需要,穆藕初于1939年在中国范围内进行了大范围的推广使用。1939年后的七七纺纱机代指拣花、铲花、弹花、压花、搓条、装筒、纺纱、摇纱、打包的整个纺纱过程,包括弹棉、纺纱、摇纱、打包四种机型。七七纺纱机的发明在解决了纱荒问题的同时,更为中国纺织业向现代化的发展做出了重要的贡献。

The Double-Seven spinning machine is a multi-spindle manual spinning machine popularized across China under the special background of Lugou Bridge Incident.It played an important role in overcoming the shortage of yarn in China and promoted the development of modern hand-spun yarn industry.At present,there is little research on the origin of Double-Seven spinning machine.The accurate restoration of the origin and development of Double-Seven spinning machine will help us to understand correctly the development process of China’s hand-spinning industry.This paper makes a comparative analysis of journal reports and local county records by combining literature research and physical analysis,obtaining the following four important conclusions:ⅰ)The development history of Double-Seven spinning machine is as follows:the Yamato spinning machine was invented in 1873 by Gaun Tokimune in Japan.Then Zhou Yuanlong was influenced by the imitation of the Yamato spinning machine during his study tour in Wuhan and created a 20-miaotou bamboo and wood spinning machine in 1894.Zhou Yuanlong and his son created 32-spindle bamboo and wood pedal spinning wheels on the basis of the 20-miaotou bamboo and wood spinning machine.During the Anti-Japanese War in China,Mu Ouchu popularized 32-spindle bamboo and wood pedal spinning wheels in order to get rid of the shortage of yarn in China,and renamed them"Double-Seven spinning machine".ⅱ)Zhou Yuanlong made effective changes to the Yamato spinning machine.In terms of machine material selection,the original iron wood was replaced by Santai-specific bamboo wood materials.In terms of machine structure,Japan’s hand-operated type was replaced by treadle type.In terms of spinning quality control and operator’s comfort,32-spindle bamboo and wood pedal spinning wheels were better than the Yamato spinning machines.ⅲ)"Double-Seven spinning machine"in Mu Ouchu’s period was more oriented to the working system of Double-Seven spinning machine,which was very different from"Double-Seven spinning machine"in the past and included the fore-spinning project and the post-spinning project.The fore-spinning project is divided into cotton sorting,shovelling cotton to make it fluffy,fluffing cotton,pressing cotton,rubbing cotton and putting it into tubes,and the post-spinning process is divided into spinning,reeling and packaging.Its spinning machines also include cotton fluffer,Double-Seven spinning machine,reeling machine and baler.Therefore,the authors believe that it is more appropriate to call Double-Seven spinning machine"Double-Seven spinning machinery system"in terms of spinning process.ⅳ)The Yamato spinning machine of Gaun Tokimune,the 32-spindle bamboo and wood pedal spinning wheels of Zhou Yuanlong,the twin-Kirin cotton fluffer of Li Yumeng,the reeling machine of Miao Yuntai and the timely integration of the manual spinning industry by Mu Ouchu laid a solid foundation for the development of the Double-Seven spinning machine.This paper systematically and deeply collects,sorts out and analyzes the origin of Double-Seven spinning machine and the working system,and reproduces the working principle of each type of Double-Seven spinning machine in the form of animation,so that readers can intuitively and vividly feel the original spinning skills.