牟宗三先生对康德审美判断力之反省

Reflection of Prof.Mou Tsung San on Aesthetic Judgment of Immanuel Kant

牟宗三先生对康德美学的反思,是以中国哲学作为消化、吸化,以及摄受之基底,进一步地对康德美学进行更高层次之审视,并且认定西方传统终究不能达到中国哲学之境地。康德《判断力批判》之内容,在于进行美学判断与目的论判断。牟先生从未反对目的论之判断,不过对于美学,康德是以主观合目的性之原则,视自然之合于目的,人若于其中找到此合目的性,则此中伴偶一种愉悦,形成一种主观反省判断的赏心悦目,而以此为“美”,牟先生反对此种美学论调!认为如此一来,美学之外离而挂搭在设计神,借赖着自然神学之设计而世界息息相关而合目的,人无法真正领会或企及所谓的“美”。牟先生提出要以中国哲学之“无向(相)判断”,而来取代康德之论,例如佛学的如相、庄子的“圣人怀之”、王龙溪的四无说等,都能进入彼美之殿堂,更能借此而令康德美学获得调适与上遂。文章将对康德与牟先生之说法略做探讨。

This study discusses the aesthetic ideology of Prof.Mou Tsung San and focuses on his reflection on the aesthetics of Immanuel Kant.Based on Chinese philosophy of absorption,he examined the aesthetics of Immanuel Kant at a higher level and argued that western tradition cannot reach the state of Chinese philosophy.Critique of Judgment by Immanuel Kant refers to aesthetic judgment and teleological judgment.Prof.Mou Tsung San has never opposed teleological judgment.However,regarding aesthetics,Immanuel Kant applied subjective purposive principle and argued for natural purposive principle.That is,when men recognize the purposive principle,it will be followed by pleasure with subjective reflective judgment called“beauty”.Prof.Mou Tsung San disagreed on such aesthetic argument.For him,aesthetics relies on Natural Theology to connect with the world and men cannot recognize true“beauty”.Prof.Mou Tsung San argued to replace the statements of Immanuel Kant with“no-direction judgment”of Chinese philosophy,including Ru Xiang of Buddhism,“Sheng Ren Huai Zhi”of Zhuangzi and Si Wu Shuo of Wang Lung,which can demonstrate aesthetics and even regulate aesthetics of Immanuel Kant.This study will explore the argumentation of Immanuel Kant and Prof.Mou Tsung San.