我国近现代工业遗产时空间格局特征研究——基于全国重点文物保护单位视角

Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Modern Industrial Heritage in China:Considering the National Key Protection Units of Cultural Relics

从第1~8批全国重点文物保护单位中筛选出140处近现代工业遗产作为研究样本,在时空间分布、行业构成、经营和建造属性等方面进行统计分析,基于ArcGIS软件构建工业遗产数据库,利用核密度、分布方向、平均中心等分析工具,探索国保单位中工业遗产的保护发展历程,对国保单位中工业遗产的时空格局特征进行解读,以期全方位了解国保单位中工业遗产现状。

Scholars worldwide have been focusing on the evaluation,protection and adaptive reuse of industrial heritage sites with historical,artistic and scientific value,from industrial archaeology to industrial exposition.Since the State Council announced the first set of 180 national protected units in 1961,there have been eight sets of 5088 units,including ancient sites,ancient tombs,ancient buildings,cave temples and stone inscriptions.Among them,ancient buildings are the most numerous,followed by ancient sites,important historical sites and buildings representative of modern times.In this study,modern and contemporary industrial heritage sites comprising sets 1~8 of the national key protection units of cultural relics were studied.With reference to the definitions of industrial relics,a total of 140 industrial heritage sites were screened as research samples.Geological coordinates were acquired through satellite mapping.Meanwhile,information on the date of foundation,geographical location,industry category and commercial type were collected to establish a database of national protection units that are industrial heritage units.A statistical analysis of the temporal distribution,spatial distribution,industrial composition and management,and building type was carried out by literature review and data collection methods.With references to spatial and quantitative research methods and ideas for modern industrial heritage in China(Liu Jing et al.),the historical development of industrial heritage in national key protection units was divided into seven stages according to modern and contemporary historical environmental changes in China.These seven stages are:1)modern industrial formation,2)modern industrial development,3)modern industrial rapid expansion,4)modern industrial depression,5)socialist industrial start-up,6)industrial“Great Leap Forward”,and 7)tortuous development.Moreover,the spatiotemporal layout characteristics of industrial heritage in national key protection units were interpreted using Arc GIS analysis tools,including kernel density,distribution direction and mean centre.The spatiotemporal distribution of industrial heritage sites is analysed and visualised.According to correlation analysis,some conclusions can be drawn:(1)In terms of temporal distribution,there is an order in which the number of new industrial heritage sites in national key protection units occurred:Qing Dynasty>Republic of China>People’s Republic of China.The number of new industrial heritage sites from the Qing Dynasty is similar to that built during the Republic of China era.Both are much more numerous than those built after the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.(2)In terms of geographic distribution,heritage sites are generally more numerous in the south and east and less numerous in the north and west.Moreover,there are significant differences in the numbers of industrial heritage sites among different regions,with zero sites in some regions.This deserves much attention in a follow-up census of industrial heritage sites.(3)In terms of industry composition and quantity,the numbers of industrial heritage categories in the national key protection units are ranked as:transportation industry>manufacturing industry>military industry>mining industry>infrastructure.Among them,the transportation and manufacturing industries comprise>50%of the total.More specifically,the railroad transportation,food processing and production,and military categories account for a high proportion of these industry categories.In contrast,the numbers of other industry categories are relatively uniform.(4)In terms of commercial and construction attributes,the industrial heritage of the enterprise category is mainly based on governmentrun enterprises from the Qing Dynasty,while private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises increased significantly during the era of the Republic of China.State-owned enterprises began to take the dominant role after the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.Industrial infrastructure was mainly built with Chinese and foreign capital during the Qing Dynasty,and with Chinese capital during the Republic of China and People’s Republic of China.Industrial research and educational institutions were mainly foreign-run during the Qing Dynasty and mainly Chinese-run after the formation of the Republic of China.(5)Influenced by historical,economic,social and humanistic factors,the aggregation and distribution of industrial heritage sites in the national key protection units have varied in different periods.Generally speaking,the number and proportion of industrial heritage sites in the national key protection units have been increasing batch by batch,indicating that China’s Cultural Relics Department has been paying increasing attention to industrial heritage.With increases in the amount of industrial heritage in the national key protection units,China’s Cultural Relics Department has to consider balancing the regional distribution.It is suggested to strengthen censuses to include industrial buildings constructed after the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.Moreover,it is recommended to further perfect and expand industrial heritage categories and management and construction attributes to promote the comprehensive development of industrial heritage protection.This study also provides data support and analysis for the identification and protection of industrial heritage sites in cultural protection departments in future.It aims to promote balanced development of the spatiotemporal layout of industrial heritage sites in national key protection units.