南诏头囊与西藏、敦煌等地吐蕃缠头渊源考——兼论缠头佛教造像

A Study on the TurbansWorn by the Kings of Nanzhao——Plus a Discussion of Buddhist Images Containing Turbans

本文从勘误《蛮书》所载南诏王红色头囊的对应图像入手,考订了以往对《南诏图传》梵僧头饰文图对应和意涵释读的错误。结合对卫藏、敦煌、藏东等地吐蕃缠头佛教造像的梳理,厘清了南诏大理国头囊的正确图像和形制特征,证实了《南诏图传》中梵僧红色头饰“赤莲冠”为南诏头囊原型,其源头为吐蕃缠头。吐蕃缠头佛教造像对南诏大理国产生了影响。

This paper presents a textual research on the turbans worn by Indian monks beginning with a critical look at images with red turbans in the Book of the Barbarians in the South worn by the kings of Nanzhao,an ancient kingdom in Yunnan Province that was later replaced by the Dali Kingdom.These analyses are useful for correcting some confusion regarding the historical changes that turbans worn by Indian monks depicted in NanzhaoTu Zhuan(a picture-story book about the Buddhism at Nanzhao)underwent.By associating the turbans worn by the Tibetans living in Tibet and the Dunhuang regions with Buddhist statues that include turbans,this paper clarifies what the correct model for such a turban worn by the kings of Nanzhao is like,summarizes the characteristics of these turbans,and presents several rare cases of Buddhist bodhisattvas wearing turbans in Nanzhao and Dali.Finally,field investigation of the customs of the area show that this and similar forms of dress are cultural traditions lasting over a thousand years.All this demonstrates that the turbans worn by the kings of Nanzhao originated from Tibetan turbans,and that the Buddhist statues containing turbans from Tibet had a great influence on the Dali Kingdom.