安岳毗卢洞石窟水害成因分析

Analysis on causes of water damage in Pilu Cave Grottoes in Anyue

安岳毗卢洞是宋代四川密宗的主要道场之一,对研究巴蜀石刻历史有极高的文化价值和艺术价值。由于年代久远,石窟渗水病害以及由于渗水衍生的其他病害不同程度地对文物造成了破坏,渗水病害是石雕岩体的最突出的问题。为研究毗卢洞石窟水害成因,基于水文地质勘察成果,排除支持毛细水对石窟的影响,并结合地面径流、包气带水、凝结水和悬挂毛细水等影响因素,研究大气降水的周期变化和水汽-凝结水的循环交替变化带来的不稳定状态对石窟的影响,探究毗卢洞石窟水害成因模式。结果显示:石窟渗水来源为大气降水和空气中的水汽。大气降水到达地表后,部分由构造裂隙、风化裂隙、孔隙进入岩体形成包气带水,部分在雨强条件合适时形成地面径流,其具有周期变化的特点。大气降水的周期变化和水汽-冷凝水的循环交替带来的不稳定,加速了石窟水害的发生。研究成果可以为石窟寺水患防治和文物保护提供科学依据及参考。

Anyue Pilu Cave is one of the main dojos of Sichuan Esoteric Buddhism in the Song Dynasty, and it has high cultural and artistic value for the study of the history of Bashu stone carvings. Due to its long history, water seepage disease in grottoes and other diseases derived from water seepage have caused different level damage to cultural relics. Water seepage disease is the most prominent problem of stone carvings. In order to study the causes of water damage in Piludong Grottoes, based on the results of hydrogeological investigations, the influence of supporting capillary water on the caves was excluded, and combined with influencing factors such as ground runoff, vadose water, condensed water and suspended capillary water, study the influence of the unstable state caused by the periodic change of atmospheric precipitation and the alternating change of water vapor-condensed water on the grottoes, and explore the Pilu Cave Grottoes causative model of water damage.The results show that the sources of water seepage in grottoes are atmospheric precipitation and water vapor in the air. After the atmospheric precipitation reaches the surface, part of it enters the rock mass from structural fissures, weathering fissures, and pores to form vadose with water, and part of it forms surface runoff when the rain intensity conditions are suitable, which has the characteristics of periodic change. The instability caused by the periodic change of atmospheric precipitation and the alternating water vapor-condensation cycle accelerated the occurrence of water damage in the grottoes. The research results can provide scientific basis and reference for flood prevention and cultural relics protection in grotto temples.