哈密坎儿井发展现状及保护应对策略

Development status and protection strategies of Karez in Hami

哈密是典型的资源性缺水城市,坎儿井有无需机电耗能即可通过自流引水、在干旱地区水行地下减少蒸发、生态补偿等诸多优点,在历史上曾为哈密地区绿洲发展做出很大贡献,如今坎儿井仍在为区域内部分小型农业生产、环境生态保护和人民生活继续服务。随着工农业用水、城镇化生活用水整体需求不断大幅提高,坎儿井这种古老的水利工程已无法满足供水需求从而逐渐衰退。但坎儿井的价值不仅仅是一种水利工程,它是干旱地区劳动人民的智慧结晶,是当地绿洲发展的重要见证者,这种古老而又特别的灌溉系统传承至今具有独特的人文价值,因此保护坎儿井仍然十分必要。为探究坎儿井发展现状和保护策略,本文从哈密境内坎儿井的发展历程浅析其时空分布、数量规模、水量变化趋势,针对哈密境内坎儿井现状分布,科学选取有代表性的坎儿井,通过对2007-2020年长期监测数据进行系统比对分析发现哈密境内坎儿井在维护运行上受政策保护或个体户及时维护,虽然出水量有减少趋势,但还能正常使用,而从哈密坎儿井整体发展情况不难发现,因地表水补给地下水量较少、周围机井布局影响、缺乏维护等种种原因,现有有水坎儿井数量、坎儿井出水量均在不断下降。坎儿井的长效保护需要在政策保护、技术维护、资金投入、加强宣传上统筹兼顾、持之以恒。

Hami is a typical water-deficient city. Karez has many advantages, such as self-flow diversion without electromechanical energy consumption, reduction of evaporation in arid areas, and ecological compensation. It has made great contributions to the development of oasis in Hami in history. The Karez wells still continue to serve some small-scale agricultural production, environmental ecological protection and people’s lives in the region. As the overall demand for industrial and agricultural water and urbanization and domestic water continues to increase substantially, the ancient water conservancy projects such as Karez can no longer meet the demand for water supply and gradually decline. But the value of Karez is not just a water conservancy project, it is the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people in arid areas, and an important witness to the development of the local oasis. This ancient and special irrigation system has been passed down to the present and has unique humanistic value, soprotection of Karez is still necessary. In order to explore the development status and protection strategies of Karez wells, this paper analyzes its temporal and spatial distribution, quantity scale, and water volume trends from the development history of Karez wells in Hami. According to the current distribution of Karez wells in Hami, scientifically select representative Karez well. Through systematic comparison and analysis of the long-term monitoring data from 2007 to 2020, it is found that the maintenance and operation of the Karez in Hami is protected by policy orself-employed timely maintenance. Although the water output tends to decrease, it can still be used normally. From the overall development of the Karez in Hami It is not difficult to find that due to various reasons such as the small amount of surface water recharge to groundwater, the influence of the layout of surrounding wells, and the lack of maintenance, the number of existing Karez wells and the water output from Karez wells are both declining. The long-term protection of Karez wells requires overall consideration and perseverance in policy protection, technical maintenance, capital investment, and strengthening of publicity.