马克思的“偶然”和罗尔斯的“运气”--驳罗尔斯对马克思的一个质疑

Marx’s“Chance”and Rawls’“Luck”:Refuting One Query of Marx from John Rawls

马克思在《哥达纲领批判》中将共产主义社会第一阶段中由个人天赋差别引起的劳动者分得消费资料的差别说成是一种“缺陷”。罗尔斯在其《政治哲学史讲义》中质疑马克思没有采取类似“差别原则”的原则来克服这一缺陷。这一质疑反映出罗尔斯对马克思处理影响生活的“偶然”的历史唯物主义方法的忽视。这一方法暗含在《德意志意识形态》关于“有个性的个人与偶然的个人之间的差别”的历史性的论述之中。以马克思的观点为背景,可以反观到罗尔斯从道德直觉出发处理运气方式的不足。

In Critique of the Gotha Program,Marx describes the difference of labors’s income caused by the difference of individual talent in the first stage of communist society as a kind of“defect”.In his Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy,Rawls accused Marx of failing to adopt the principle similar to his differenceprinciple to overcome this defect.This accusation reflects Rawls’neglect of Marx’s historical-materialism method of dealing with the chance that affects life.This method is implied in the historical discussion of“the difference between the individual with personality and the individual by chance”in the German Ideology.Based on Marx’s point of view,we can see Rawls’s deficiency in dealing with luck from moral intuition.