政府监管、契约治理、专业权威与民主对话:国际体育组织的多重问责逻辑

Governmental Control,Contractual Governance,Professional Authority and Democratic Dialogue:Multiple Accountability Logic of International Sports Organizations

国际体育组织如何处理与多重利益攸关者之间的问责关系,是学术界有待解释的问题。以建构主义理论为视角,分析哪些外部行为体有能力重塑国际体育组织的行为,以及不同利益攸关者的问责需求如何嵌入由特定问责逻辑形成和维系的特定问责关系中。政府对国际体育组织的法律问责源于政府监管,赞助商可以根据契约关系对国际体育组织实施问责,同行组织和国际体育组织的问责关系基于专业权威,而作为最弱势方的运动员可以根据民主对话对国际体育组织进行使命问责。因此,问责的传统解释路径不适合国际体育组织,而建构主义视角迎合了国际体育组织问责关系和逻辑的多样性,该理论关注问责中的互动以及不同问责诉求多元利益攸关者之间进行的协商。协商问责更具包容性,即具有不同分析视角的行为体就所涉及问题的定义、不同标准的合适性以及建立和执行这些标准的可接受程度进行争论。这种协商共同价值观和愿景的过程可以在成员之间建立联系、创造共同的社会身份并建立互信。当然,作为初步的学理探究,如何消除协商问责过程中的复杂性和固有张力还存在一些难点,有待后续进一步研究。

International sport organizations(ISO)have relationships with multiple stakeholders that incur different accountability responsibilities.By conducting a comprehensive literature review,this article analyzes how the demands of the ISO’s stakeholders are embedded in particular relationships of accountability which are sustained by particular accountability logics.From this analysis,we point out that accountability demands formulated by the governments are supported by a logic of governmental control.Accountability between sponsors and ISO is primarily anchored in contracts and agreements.The relationship of accountability between ISO and its peer organizations is developed along ideas of professional authority.Accountability between ISO and athletes seems to be structured along ideas of cooperation and democratic dialogue.In conclusion,the limitations of traditional representative and principalagent models of NGO accountability when applied to the global sport organizations realm and argued that negotiated accountability better conceptualizes these relationships.Negotiation accountability is more inclusive,that is,actors with different analytical perspectives and interests argue about the nature of the definition of the issues involved,the appropriateness of different standards,and the acceptability of establishing and implementing these standards.This process of negotiating common values and visions can establish connections between members,create a common social identity,and build mutual trust.Of course,as a preliminary theoretical inquiry,there are still some difficulties in how to eliminate the complexity and inherent tension in the process of negotiating accountability,which requires further research in the future.