返乡能人“经营村庄”的路径、机制与风险探析——基于两个村庄的案例研究

Analysis on the Path,Mechanism and Risk of“Management of Village”by Returning Talents:A Case Study in Two Villages

乡村振兴战略下,许多能人返乡经营村庄集体经济,参与村庄治理。本研究关注乡村振兴战略下返乡能人“经营村庄”的基本路径和风险,基于实地调研发现,返乡能人主要通过集体土地和政府项目经营村庄,其实质是能人以村庄集体资产和政府财政项目为资本进行的风险性市场经营行为。首先,在地方政府打造典型的政绩导向下,返乡能人积极争取项目,在村庄形成资源输入的集聚效应,进而使村庄成为“典型”村庄。其次,经营过程中形成的公私利益转化构成返乡能人经营村庄的内生动力。最后,处于裂变样态的村庄社会难以有效监督村庄经营过程,一些返乡能人易为项目利益俘获,建构起少数人主导的分利秩序。整体而言,返乡能人的经营行为可能盘活集体资产,短期亦能增进村民的福利,能人还可能利用个人权威与势力保持村庄秩序的相对稳定,但同时也存在经营失败风险转嫁和村庄公共性消散的隐患。

Under the rural revitalization strategy,many talented people returned to their hometowns to operate the village collective economy and participate in rural governance.This research focuses on the basic paths and risks of returning talented people to“run villages”under the rural revitalization strategy.Based on the field research,it is found that the talented people who return to their hometowns mainly manage the villages through collective land and government projects.The essence is that the talented people use the rural collective assets and government financial projects as capital to carry out risky market operations.First of all,under the guidance of the local government to create a typical political performance,the returning hometown talents actively strive for projects,forming a clustering effect of resource input in the village,and then becoming a“typical village”.Secondly,the return of talented people forms the transformation of public and private interests in the management,which constitutes the endogenous driving force for their village management.Finally,it is difficult for the village society in the fission state to effectively supervise the village management process.Some talented people who return to their hometowns can easily capture the benefits of the project and build a profit-sharing order dominated by a few people.On the whole,the“run villages”behaviors of the returning talents may revitalize the collective assets,improve the welfare of the villagers in the short term,and use personal authority and power to maintain the relative stability of the village order.But at the same time,there are hidden dangers of transferring the risk of business failure and dissipating the publicity of the village.